Mental Illness and Crim Behavior Free Essays

An investigation done in 1999 shows that out of the 3,000,000 captures made, we can see that no particular race, financial gathering, or sex bunch is the reason for such a high number of captures. In the perusing it appears as though criminal conduct is spoken about as a way to fulfill ones needs so as to compensate for something that they need. For instance in the perusing it clarifies how youthful grown-ups are regularly baffled with their lives paying little heed to race or financial status, they will figure out how to take their disappointments and lash out. We will compose a custom article test on Psychological maladjustment and Crim Behavior or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now This is to state that regardless of how â€Å"normal† or â€Å"bizarre† the criminal’s mind is by all accounts, the criminal despite everything has appreciation and meticulousness of the wrongdoing they have been engaged with thus they can't be guaranteed as â€Å"mentally ill†. As opposed to these discoveries, one may contend that despite the fact that wrongdoing isn't really a â€Å"race† or â€Å"economic† factor however it assumes a job in one’s life (ecological elements). By and large it is realized that criminal conduct is both an individual and social issue. A few violations are plotted and completed while others appear to be to a greater degree a habitual demonstration. In any case, these violations require â€Å"logic and self-control†, as it says in the perusing. (Page 26) This perusing further recommends that regardless of how strange a criminal demonstration tangle be, the wrongdoer has a total comprehension and consciousness of the wrongdoing and their activities that accompany doing the wrongdoing. This annihilations the groundings of the madness or the intellectually sick however liable safeguard. Nonetheless, in the wake of glancing back at the perusing, one may scrutinize the announcements made in light of the fact that they appear to uneven in that they are not investigating the possibility of a criminal who is intellectually sick and simply investigating that society is the reason for criminal acts. One proclamation that is made which stands apart is the point at which it is said that â€Å"crime isn't infectious like the chicken pox†. While it stands genuine that since one individual in a network chooses to participate in criminal conduct, it doesn't intend to state that others will before long start to take part in comparative conduct essentially in light of the fact that they are near that underlying individual. Nonetheless, with regards to individuals who are intellectually sick the violations they carry out are a sort of â€Å"chicken pox† in that specific psychological sicknesses cause particular kinds of wrongdoings so it is some of the time distinguishable dependent on one’s conduct in the event that they will perpetrate a wrongdoing connected to their dysfunctional behavior. Likewise, if a criminal with a psychological instability is placed into everyone of a restorative office, they might be affected by others and their conduct to act in a manner like those they had contact with. In spite of the fact that the earth of an individual frequently decides their conduct, rationale, and feelings their DNA or pre-arranged conditions additionally assume a job. Alluding back to the model given on page 27, a man who killed his significant other in the warmth of a contention would not be considered for the craziness guard on account of his â€Å"temporary insanity† through a brutal wrongdoing of energy. To Samenow, this individual was not â€Å"seized by an alien† or had a â€Å"uncontrollable impulse† thus this man was not bizarre for perpetrating this wrongdoing in light of the fact that as indicated by Samenow he had voiced in the past that he had wished her dead or that the man frequently held feuds against the individuals who crossed him. Samenow then shows a case wherein a man with more terrible issues (his better half undermining him), didn't look for retribution along these lines and decided to act sanely by requesting of for a separation. As indicated by Samenow the primary case displays a man not with a dysfunctional behavior however with a social/individual issue whose condition compels him to decide to act in such a manner. Albeit convincing it very well may be contended that this rather is a case of a man who can depict or impersonate what the â€Å"norm† is and can have all the earmarks of being working ordinarily in spite of having there be a serious dysfunctional behavior, for example, a character issue in which he participates in intentional vindictive conduct (pushing his significant other, looking for retribution for the individuals who hurt him) and may really be more damage to himself than others before killing his better half. This individual might be exceptionally enchanting, astute, and ready to be assembled in the interim inside he can't adapt to the earth around him thus he makes this persona of the individual who others anticipate that him should be. This is an individual who experiences a significant psychological sickness and won't have the option to genuinely comprehend their violations or the rationale/profound quality for why it isn't right. Despite the fact that having a psychological maladjustment may for a person to act with a particular goal in mind, it doesn't pardon their activities and they ought to have results similarly as some other individual would. Be that as it may, an individual with a psychological sickness ought to be held to an alternate degree of obligation since they as of now can't adapt to their lives which is the reason they acted in such a manner in the first place. A criminal with a psychological maladjustment ought to be placed into treatment to permit them to pick up strategies to adapt to life and with circumstances which cause them to carry on alongside an imprisonment sentence. Step by step instructions to refer to Mental Illness and Crim Behavior, Papers

Looking for loans

The issue with acquiring cash from a rich uncle for beginning a business is that 1) the assets can be halted whenever; 2) your uncle conventionally can not give the pragmatic exhortation important to developing the business; and 3) your relationship with your uncle may be demolished if the business goes under. Two exchange strategies for searching for advances are as per the following: SBA advances and investors SBA directs three independent, yet similarly significant credit programs. SBA sets the rules for the advances while SBA’s accomplices (Lenders, Community Development Organizations, and Microlending Institutions) make the advances to private companies. SBA backs those credits with an insurance that will dispose of a portion of the hazard to the loaning accomplices. (www.sba.gov) The upsides of a SBA advance is that frequently it is generally simpler to get a SBA advance rather than  a conventional bank credit and the SBA itself is an important asset of data and classes about beginning an independent venture. Funding is cash made accessible for interest in imaginative undertakings or research, particularly in high innovation, in which both the danger of misfortune and the potential for benefit might be considerable.â Venture industrialist account new businesses in return for a portion of stock once the organization goes public.â Normally, financing is done in rounds.â For instance, an organization is given 12 million dollars and, when that cash is depleted, it applies for another round of financing. Investment is for the most part constrained to cutting edge organizations and is difficult to obtain.â Only one out of many possibilities introduced before a financial speculator really gets funded.â Also, it requires some serious energy and cash to make introductions to investors. Most investors are situated in huge metropolitan zones, for example, Silicon Valley; henceforth, on the off chance that you have a business situated outside a huge metropolitan region, you should factor in the movement time associated with reaching investors into your choice to utilize funding as a wellspring of funding.â Also relying entirely upon funding for subsidizing is unsafe on the grounds that financing adjusts are not guaranteed.â Your organization may need to abruptly shut down in the event that you find that you have depleted your round of financing without turning a benefit. â€Å"SBA Financing Basics† (n.d.).â Retrieved from http://www.sba.gov/financing/nuts and bolts/basics.html References â€Å"

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Most Popular Job Functions by Industry

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Most Popular Job Functions by Industry Although quantifying a school’s profile certainly does not tell you everything, it can sometimes be helpful in simplifying the many differences between the various MBA programs. Each week, we bring you a chart to help you decide which of the schools’ strengths speak to you. Business school candidates ought to consider not only which industry they want to enter, but also what kind of functional role they want to pursue. Each September, the Graduate Management Admissions Council, the organization that administers the GMAT, surveys recent graduates and alumni from top business schools and compiles their findings in the Alumni Perspectives Survey. This report offers a broad look at certain trends among recent MBAs, such as how their careers have progressed. One of the interesting features of the 2012 report, which surveyed the graduating Class of 2011, broke down which job functions were most popular by hiring industry. For example, 39% of the 2012 graduates entering the products and services industry took marketing and sales positions. Respondents entering health care and pharmaceuticals were more likely to find themselves in a human resources role, with 20% filling this function. In researching MBA programs, looking at how a school’s curriculum will pre pare you for the specific job position you seek may be as important as considering a school’s ties to a particular industry. Share ThisTweet B-School Charts

Taking a Look at Emera Inc. - 687 Words

Emera, is company of energy and services, which has the purpose of distribute clean and renewable energy. The main focus of the company is distributing electricity; moreover, the company does not only deliver this electricity but also generates and transmits it. Finally, another important Emera`s invest is that the company also is engaged with the transmission of natural gas. The main goal of Emera inc. is develop and provide cleaner energy on the market combining their various resources in other to get substantial results. Moreover, the company preserve high quality patterns as regards to reliable and safe business , client support and protection of the ecosystem. Emera operates in the northeastern of North America and some Caribbean countries which make their customers the residents of these areas. In addition, some of these countries are Canada, USA, and Bahamas. Next, The top 3 competitors of the company are TransAlta Corporation, Canadian Utilities Limited and Fortis Inc.; moreover, all of these companies provide energy and services with focus on clean energy. Finally, There are several suppliers for Emera related to their resources and equipment such as fuel and turbine, and most of these suppliers are international and are exposed to a product price risk. In order to build a prosperous and sustainable environment respecting the company statements and juridical requirements, Emera show the environmental hazard in their business routine taking in consideration

Harmless And Changing Cold War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1563 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/11 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Cold War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Many people believe the Cold War was an actual war however, this war was an event that included a sequence of divergent competitions. The Cold War was caused by several events, which took place at the Yalta conference. This conference lead to the Cold War by allowing the Soviet Union to have control over the Eastern Europe. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Harmless And Changing Cold War" essay for you Create order The Europeans felt that the Soviets were going to impose in the communist systems on all the countries they possibly could. The U.S. attempted to stop the spread of communism which led to an altercation with the Soviet Union, those altercations changed the United States politically, socially, and economically. United Nations was once founded in 1945. It was once a pact of allies which blanketed the United States, Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union. This crew went robust for about two years. The Soviet Unions use of Communism as a government form grew to be an outstanding issue in the eyes of the United States which brought about conflict. George F. Kennan made it a persistent goal to stop this communism. He promoted that long-term, affected person however association and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. This brought the birth of the Marshall Plan which mentioned the United States would furnish thirteen billion dollars of economic resource to assist in rebuilding Europe. This took region between 1948 and 1952. The purpose of this design was once to assist in modernizing Western Europe and quit the unfold of Communism. The Iron Curtain was created by using Winston Churchill to split the West which was free from the East that had Communist roots. The Truman Doct rine was additionally created for the duration of this try to quit Communism. It promised that the United States would supply resource to to any country was facing a communist control. All of this lit a flame between the United States and the Soviet Union which led up to the cold war. As the Cold War got to be more serious, it took a huge turn into a more military-like war. The Soviet Union began the war with a nuclear bomb. This activity by the soviets drove the together the United States, Canada, and ten of the western European nations to form a collusion called the North Atlantic Settlement Organization, or NATO. This was an assertion that within the case of a Soviet Assault, these nations have each others backs. By setting up NATO, the joined together countries set up an until the end of time collusion with each other. This influenced our legislative issues since it permitted for us to have outside relations with these nations, and a great connection at that. The Republican Resurgence moreover had a great impact on American legislative issues. It was amid this time that Republicans came back into the running for government and truly sort of took over. Within the races for congress in 1946, numerous blue collar citizens voted Republican since they were in fear of the labor turmoil that was occurring. Most of them has previously voted Democrat, but the ones who normally voted to the liberal side were not happy with President Truman s lack of promise keeping as far as policies go and they did not even get out to vote. This allowed the Grand Old Party to regain the spotlight. This movement, however, quickly ended in the 1948 campaign. This was between Harry Truman and Thomas Melville Dewey. It was Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun think by many that Republican Dewey was going to win the election over Democrat Truman. However, Dewey did a terrible Job of campaigning and was not committed to the election. Public speaking was not his forte and he did not take a clear stance on any of the important issues. His speech was full of the phrases that every president tries to use in a campaign. They included the Logos Agriculture is important. Our rivers are full of fish. You cannot have freedom without liberty. Our future lies ahead. Harry S Truman, on the other side, had a very successful campaign. He was very ambitious and traveled across the country to speak to the people of The United States. He attacked the Republican Party and their musical theme of a laissez-fair government. It was during this election that the black citizens in the north were able to vote. With this freedom they impacted the election for the first prison term since 1868. They chose to vote Democrat which allowed Truman to win the election. Since this election, most black American citizens vote populist. This affects American politics because it allows the Democratic Party to have a stallion community of voices behind them. This is very important for Democratic Nominee when election time comes around because they need to be able to have the support of the people to win. Also, in 1952, when Civil Rights emerged, 20 percent of those of the African American Parentage were registered to vote, nearly a seven-fold increase since 1940. This also allowed a change in our politics because minorities was more prevalent in the voting pate and were able to make a bigger impact on the election. The Cold War brought about the musical theme of right field. This included both civil rights geared toward minorities and human rights that were geared toward all people. Post war, the want and requirement of respecting human right really became prevalent. People began to be prosecuted and were put on trial for violating others civil rights. After the United States came out of the war with a win under their belt, many officers from the German army were brought to the court on trial for violating human rights. Many of them got prison time and some even were executed. This enlightened a steer to a norm of enforcing and allowing basic human rights. These rights are given to United States citizens just for being a human. These rights are still a big part of our social norm today. They have created an arithmetic mean for how we should be dainty and should treat each other with respect just because we are all humans. Civil Right-wing enforcements were another prominent result of the Cold War. These rights were geared toward the African American community. Harry Truman made it a head to centering on helping this community as much as he could. From the year 1945-1951 many states put into order laws that enforced racial favoritism in the workplace preventing employers from excluding those of African American descent in their fellowship. This was also applied to those of other parentage as well. It was also after the Cold War that the first Negro baseball game player, Jackie Robinson was drafted to the Dodgers. This opened a new path for people of other declination to participate in baseball and not be discriminated against. Overall, the Cold War brought about and highlighted new norm for the society and par between different races. These norms are still very prevalent today and the civil rights are applied to all faces of our society. The Economic scheme was another aspect that was affected by the Cold War. Truman came up with the action of what was called The Fair Deal. This was an attempt to bring peacefulness back to the United States economic system. Its goal was to raise the standard of living in the United States by upbringing minimum earnings and assisting the citizens in living a better life. The Postwar Strike was a big core on the economic arrangement. Workers went on strike because of the lack of salary they were receiving. They walked out on their occupation and were causing a disruption in the economic science of our state. Truman threatened to hang these traitors and it was after that, the proletarian began to work again. Truman helped the economic system by making progress in helping Americans live a better life with better pay so that they may afford more the basic requirement. Prejudice is another factor that changed our economic standing. There was a lot of discrimination against any American tha t was not of the white descent, as well as the female gender. These people were seen as invaluable when really, they could be a very beneficial aspect to our nation. Discrimination creates a very negative and destructive circle of issue. Discrimination depresses the wages and income of minority groups. As a result their purchasing power is curtailed and markets are reduced. Reduced markets result in reduced production. This cuts down on employment which of course means lower wages and still fewer job opportunities. This issue after the Cold War opened the eyes of the people and the government to see that by discriminating against minorities, we were only hurting ourselves. Now, for the most part, there is very little total of discrimination in the workplace and our economy is thriving. Overall, the Cold War was harmless but very changing. It affected the way we do things in our land today. It affected our foreign relations as well. The reason we are not on great terms with some countries is because of the Cold War. The reason we are pushing for equality is because of the Cold War. Our economics are so much different today because of the Cold War. If it wasnt for the Cold War, our country may do things a little bit different then they do today.

Art Reflection Paper - 1506 Words

In this class, we had the pleasure of discussing topics of shelter, sexuality/fertility, religion, commemoration, and power/propaganda/social justice. These are the five pieces of art I would choose to display in my global museum. On the topic of Shelter, I would exhibit Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci which is found on page 121 in Exploring Art. This piece was painted on February 9, 1498. Leonardo used oil and tempra paint on a 14’5† X 28’ plaster mural. The piece was painted in Milan, and it depicts Jesus and his disciple’s last meal together. I would choose to display this photo because it exhibits important shelter aspects. It shows a dining room. Along with showing a room that is essential in a house, it also depicts the†¦show more content†¦This one painting greatly represents aspects of the Islamic religion because it depicts Mohammad’s journey to heaven. In the Islamic faith, man’s spiritual journey is important and l earning this would be a interesting aspect to be shown in a global museum. For the topic of commemoration, I would put the piece by Diego Rivera titled Dia de Muertos which can be found on page 240 in Art Exploration. It was painted in Mexico in 1923, and it depicts the celebration and traditions of The Day of the Dead. It shows a community coming together to celebrate the dead. Skull masks are shown as well as food vendors. I would choose to show this image because it depicts a community coming together to celebrate the lives of there ancestors. For the topic of power/propaganda/social justice, I would display Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix, which can be found on page 291 in Art Exploration. This oil painting was created in Paris in 1830 on a 8’6† X 10’8† canvas. It depicts an image of a woman standing atop fallen solders holding a France flag in a left hand. Her stance is very firm so she exhibits power. Also, her face is very stoi c. The main purpose of the piece of art was to show a depiction of the 1830 Paris Revolution which occurred to fight against oppression. This piece shows how social justice is sought in the world. In my global museum, I would want to display works from diverse origins of theShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Art Experience720 Words   |  3 Pages1. Where did you go? What day and time of day was it? Who was with you or were you alone? I visited the Contemporary Art Museum at on a Wednesday morning at 11 am by myself. 2. Write about your physical and emotional experience of being in the space you were in? What meaning did you make of this at the time and now looking back on the experience? The physical experience I felt while exploring the exhibit is the feeling that I was being watched. When I walked in I was greeted by two white femalesRead MoreArt Integration Reflection Paper1100 Words   |  5 PagesReflection 1 The first day of class was very exciting. My first class at USF and my first class in the teaching program. Almost expected in a â€Å"creative experience for child† I walked in to examine a variety of art supplies and a variety of students. That first day the class explored what is real â€Å"art’s integration†. Art’s integration to me had always meant that the school address art. I had thought that if the school were to simply add some type of art class it would count as integrating art intoRead MoreWhen my wife and I first arrived at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Jacksonville (MOCA) I800 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst arrived at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Jacksonville (MOCA) I honestly had no idea what to expect. I had been to the Cummer Museum, but never here and I wasnt sure what to expect or what piece of art I was going to write my paper on. I thought I might want to do my paper on a sculpture because I tend to like that kind of art, but I wasnt sure. I figured we would walk around and whatever spoke to me the loudest would be what I wrote my paper on. I hadnt expected to be spoken too so frequentlyRead MoreEssay about Two Exhibitions on View at The Museum of Contemporary Art1114 Words   |  5 Pages The Museum of Contemporary Art currently has two exhibitions on view; one is called â€Å"Dirge: Reflections on [Life and] Death,† and the other is â€Å"Sara VanDerBeek.† One work of art that stood out the most to me was Epitaph from 2011 by Pedro Reyes. Reyes works are often meant to physically engage his viewers in order to shift their social and emotional expectations. The Epitaph invites his viewers to imagine a future in which they no longer exist, and then create a short message that conveys the lifeRead MoreArt Is An Expression Of Human Emotions And Creativity Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesmedia outlooks. But what is art? 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A trait that media and art have in common whether one wants to argue their definitions or not, isRead MoreTaking a Look at Tessellations1367 Words   |  5 Pagesare created are translations, reflections and rotations. Shifting a single shape in different direction to cover the plane without gaps or overlaps is how translations are created. Flipping a shape across a line to make a mirror image is how reflections are created. Reflectional symmetry is created if there is a line through a shape that can be reflected to lay the image exactly on top of the original. When designing figures that will tessellate on a plane reflections can be used. Rotating an objectRead MoreArthur Schopenhauer’s â€Å"Will and Representation Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesArt features heavily in Arthur Schopenhauer’s â€Å"Will and Representation.† Schopenhauer had a complex and nuanced view of art’s profound effect on humanity and that effect’s importance to our everyday lives. His view does not however, exist in a vacuum. It is an integral part of his overarching theory on huma nity and existence itself and therefore can only be fully appreciated with at least some reference to his other ideas. In this paper I will attempt to illustrate Schopenhauer’s philosophy of artRead MoreWhat Creates Happiness And Good Health1223 Words   |  5 Pageshappiness and good health. To achieve the deeper meaning we exhaust the ideas of playing sports, creating art, or making things to better the lives of people around us. We all understand art is a part of our daily life, and how we choose to use or create the art affects our personal self. Throughout the semester there are aspects of the teaching which have changed the way I notice and create my art in my life. I focus heavily on the sports I play to show my transformation. However, I do see how whenRead MoreManet at the Bar1216 Words   |  5 PagesKevin Chapman ARTH 2720-001 Term Paper December 5, 2012 Manet and The Bar Edouard Manet’s painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, was completed in 1882 and is considered his last great painting. He displayed it at the Paris Salon just one year before his passing. This painting as vexed art historians throughout the years for its complex visual subject matter and leaves Manets true interpretation of his painting in the air for discussion. Although there are many interpretations, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere

Revenue Management Empirical Driven and Pragmatic Analysis

Question: Discuss about the case study Revenue Management for Empirical Driven and Pragmatic Analysis. Answer: Introduction Novotel Sydney based on Darling Harbour operates as an effective hotel that potentially attracts different consumers belonging to business, leisure and family categories. Novotel Sydney being situated in the Darling Harbour helps its visitors to enjoy site seeing and touring facilities to different places of tourist attractions. Novotel Sydney operates as a 4.5 Star rating hotel that offers a host of different facilities to its customers like swimming pools, gyms and tennis courts. It also contributes in helping customers enjoy restaurant services from The Ternary that operates as one of the best restaurant in Sydney. Novotel also helps its customers conduct their bookings based on the development of a Smartphone application, Novotel Virtual Concierge that helps the customers in making online bookings of flights and also of hotel rooms. The application is also developed for helping the customers gain effective information associated with weather reports. Customers are also encouraged by the hotel company to generate effective views and feedbacks concerning the services generated by the hotel and also of the restaurant associated with Novotel. Novotel Sydney also entices its customers through the generation of other facilities like provision of car rentals, car parking facilities, transport services from airport to the hotels and other areas of interest in the city, laundry and dry cleaning services and also the existence of Wi-Fi services for helping the consumers enjoy hassle free internet(Novotel Hotels, 2016). The report focuses on evaluating an effective revenue management and maximisation strategy of Novotel Sydney. It would focus on the incorporation of both empirical and case study based discussions for generation of effective understanding. Potential recommendations would be generated based on the findings carried out. Analysis of Market Segmentation The market segmentation in the hotel industry reflects different types of market segments that are highlighted as follows. Along the broader set the market segmentation of consumers in the hotel industry are essentially categorised as Transient and Grouped. The transient customers are identified as such customers that come in either single or in families and thereby make bookings of hotel rooms for a shorter duration. Room Nights is an effective concept adhered to the stay of transient customers wherein the customers tend to stay overnight in the hotels and leave the following day. Grouped customers are such that focus on visiting the hotels in groups thereby requiring large number of rooms to be reserved for conveniently staying in the hotel along a specific period. The group reservations are generally carried out by the sales team of the hotel. The group reservations are observed to be business or corporate type such that the hotel rooms are booked or reserved based on corporate co ntacts for holding of essential conferences or meetings. The transient consumer categories for the hotel industry essentially relate to customers that focus on personal funding their tours or those whose tours are funded by their company or any other organisation(ROGERSON, 2013). The hotel companies need to effective strategise their price offerings and product and service packages in a customised fashion for encouraging the stay of customers that essentially focus on self funding their visits. Similarly, the transient category of consumers visiting the hotels also needs to be categorised based on the purpose of their visits. The customers desiring of visiting a specific region for business purposes is taken to check out at a downtown hotel and usually focuses to stay in for a shorter duration. On the other hand, the visitor focusing on visiting a region for leisure, touring or travelling purposes focuses on staying in luxury hotels that would help them enjoy different facilities along with touring to different locations. The customers visiting the hotels can also be segmented based on age and income categories such that younger people and also people belonging to high income categories tend to visit hotels with increased facilities and amenities and also tho se belonging to the premium category(Ling, Guo, Yang, 2014). The middle and lower income customers and also those belonging to higher age groups essentially focus on visiting value based hotels that generate services at lower or discounted prices. The market segmentation of customers in the hotel industry also needs to be carried out based on the marital status of the visitors. The hotel companies are required to focus on the development of effective product packages for attracting customers whether single or in family settings for staying in the hotels. Finally, consumer or visitor types to the hotels also effectively relate to such customer groups that focus on gaining visits to scenic places on a frequent basis. The developments of resorts, holiday inns, airport and other travel venue hotels and also other suburban hotels are required to be made on the above basis for helping in the accommodation of different visitor categories. The product and service packaging need to be formu lated in an effective fashion for encouraging the frequent visits of the consumers(Duverger, 2013). Novotel Hotel Sydney operates as an effective luxury hotel that focuses on attracting both transient and group customers. On the transient front, the hotel company aims at servicing both single and family visitors to the hotel along with helping the customers visit the hotel for meeting their business and touring needs. Different types of suites are designed for meeting the touring needs of the customers. The hotel has different rooms for conducting conferences and meetings while also generating effective facilities for children and adult customers to enjoy their stay(Novotel Hotels, 2016). Competitor Set Analysis The analysis of the competitor set for hotel companies is essentially based along different factors underlined as follows. The first competitor set for the hotel industry is identified as location or venue. Different types of venues are identified through classification like airports, highways, city centres, convention centres, rural areas and also suburban regions. The existence of different types of locations contributes in encouraging the development of same category hotels that focus on serving specific consumer categories. The availability of hotel companies at close vicinities contributes in serving customers pertaining to like segments or categories and thereby reflect same type of occupancy cycles. In other situations where the competitive landscape of hotels tend to span along a larger area like in the case of oil drilling and refinery sites hotel companies spreading across diverse towns or regions are thus needed to be accounted for generation of a competitive study. Hotels taken for comparison in a smaller area along the oil refinery and drilling sites are observed to be of bad quality for making of effective comparisons thereby requiring hotels to be incorporated along a wider scale. Again, the availability of large number of hotels along a smaller area requires the categorisation and grouping of hotels into distinct and separate categories for making of needed comparisons(Pereira-Moliner, 2015). Apart from location, hotel brands also act as an effective competitor set. The existence of different types of hotel brands like full and limited service and also extended stay brands along with other categories like luxury hotels, upscale, midscale and also economy hotels contribute in effective comparison of hotel companies. Other additional features like the existence of loyalty programs, effective sales and customer servicing teams and also online reservation facilities contribute in enhancing the competitive landscape in the hospitality sector(Law, Buhalis, Cobanoglu, Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism, 2014). Similarly, categorisation of the hotels based along product types also contributes in evaluating the level of competition among the hospitality companies. Different product types in the hospitality sector are like full-service, limited-service and also extended stay. The full-service hotels are identified to be hotels that have facilities like restaurants, lounges and other bar facilities also. Limited-service hotels on the other hand are identified to be hotel companies that have limited meeting space and offer complimentary breakfast services to their consumers. Extended-stay hotels are generally developed for hosting of guests or visitors that tend to stay for longer periods like for a week in the hotels. The hotel facilities are observed to match that of limited-service hotels. The hotel rooms of the extended-stay hotels however focus on providing customers with kitchen facilities(Chen, Lin, Chi, 2016). Quality standards of the product and service packages offered by the different hotels amount to be an effective competitor that helps in generation of comparison between like category hotels generating same quality of customer services. Quality standards of the hotels also require the incorporation of environmental and design elements for making of effective comparisons among the different competitor hotel firms(Pekgn, Menich, Acharya, Finch, 2013). Finally, Average Daily Rates or ADRs are identified as an effective competitor set that contributes in categorisation of hotel companies pertaining to a specific region. The pricing practices of hotels is identified as an effective metric that helps the customers in segregating and differentiating between different types of hotels as value based hotels and other economy, mid and high priced hotels(HVS, 2012). Novotel Sydney is evaluated to be a luxury hotel with a 4.5 Star Rating. It also operates as a full-service hotel in that it encourages its customers to enjoy both restaurant and lounge facilities along with a host of other facilities and services(Novotel Hotels, 2016). Other five star hotels operating along the Darling Harbour that generate effective competition to Novotel Hotel are the Parkroyal Darling Harbour operating as a 4 Star Hotel, Hilton Sydney Hotel, Marriott Hotel at Sydney Harbour and also the Pier One Sydney Harbour. The luxury hotels like Novotel Sydney also focus on generating a wide array of different services like having spa, swimming pools, gyms, Wi-Fi facilities, parking facilities, overnight booking and also effective security standards. The existence of the above features along the different hotels also helps in categorising the same as full-service hotels. Demand Forecasting The demand forecasting for the hotel industry is carried out both in a qualitative and quantitative fashion. The qualitative mode of demand forecasting in the hotel industry is essentially identified as judgemental forecasting wherein the hotel manager focuses on studying different symptoms and situations for making of effective forecasts regarding consumer visits. The hotel manager in this regard can focus on taking help of historical data that help in reflecting the historical movement of tourists along specific periods in the region(KULENDRAN, KING, YAP, 2016). Further, in terms of judgemental forecasting the hotel managers also focus on reflecting the level of promotional and marketing activities conducted for the product and service packages marketed by the hotel. The generation of effective product and service packages is taken to help in attracting considerable number of visitors to the hotel at different occasional periods. Further, the planning of different types of events in the hotel is evaluated by the hotel managers would help in attracting potential tourists and visitors. The existence of favourable and unfavourable weather conditions in the region acts as an effective determinant factor that helps in deciding and forecasting the flow of tourists at different times of the year. The above factors are also used relating to the use of time series analysis for forecasting of tourist and visitor trends to the different hotels. The managers of the hotel companies can also effectively focus on evaluating the data gained from Google trends and also other data gained from the use of mobile phone apps and also social marketing based trends. The combined use of both qualitative and quantitative data gained from a host of different sources effectively contribute in making forecasting regarding customer visits to the different hotels(Croce, 2016). Channel Analysis The emergence of technology centric distribution channels has significantly contributed in the enhancement of revenue for the hospitality companies. The current distribution channels contribute in making the hospitality industry consumer centric in fashion. Different types of distribution channels like social media channels, applications for mobile phones and other online applications like Room key.com and Hotel Tonight are observed to have potentially revolutionised the revenue earning landscape of the hospitality companies. The growing popularity of e-commerce businesses along the social media networking platforms has encouraged different tourists and visitors for using the social media tools and sites like Facebook and Twitter in making reservations for their hotel rooms and other flight and train tickets(Robson Noone, 2014). Hotel companies are also observed to encourage the customers for making of online bookings through the generation of effective discounts. Hotel companies ha ve effectively introduced room-booking technology in Facebook that helps customers in making direct bookings from their personal Facebook accounts. Loews Hotels and Resorts is identified to be a hospitality firm that had generated its Twitter application for encouraging customers in making online bookings. Visitors using Twitter are thus required to type #BookLoews in comparison to making bookings through calling on hotline numbers. The use of social media tools like Facebook and Twitter for conducting of hotel bookings helps customers enjoy needed convenience while it encourages the hotel company in gaining needed potential for enhancement of customer satisfaction(Robson Noone, 2014). Similarly, hospitality companies also focus on the development of mobile applications enabled for Smartphones that encourage the customers in making reservations for hotel rooms through gaining access to websites and apps of hotel companies like Hilton and Marriott. The hotel companies can also incorporate support generated by Online Travel Agents or OTAs like Expedia and Priceline that also focus on the generation of websites and mobile applications for encouraging customers in making hotel bookings. The mobile apps are developed in an user friendly fashion such that it can help the customers in making hotel bookings in an easy and faster manner based on the use of a fewer clicks. The mobile apps are further enhanced through the incorporation of GPS technologies that help the customers in tracking and also in gaining access to regional and local hospitality companies(Law, Buhalis, Cobanoglu, Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism, 2014). Another significant distribution channel that is employed by the hospitality companies for revenue generation is RoomKey. It serves as a potential search engine that contributes in helping the hotel companies reduce the involvement of online travel agents along the booking process. The above process of reducing the involvement of OTAs helps the hospitality companies for reducing the commission related fees and also in increasing the profits. The search engine was developed by five star multinational hotel corporations like Hilton, Hyatt, Marriott and Intercontinental Group(Ling, Guo, Yang, 2014). Finally, HotelTonight is developed serves as a booking channel on the mobile platform that helps the customers in making hotel bookings even at the last minute. The mobile booking channel serves both the customers and the hotel companies in a mutual fashion where it helps the customers and visitors in gaining access to value hotels and rooms it helps the hotels in filling the last-minute rooms. Hotel companies based on the use of the HotelTonight booking channel can encourage the customers for making value based bookings at the last minute through provision of effective discounts. The same thus helps the hotel companies in gaining needed revenues even at the last minute(Law, Leung, Lo, Leung, 2015). The development of the different digital channels that helps in revenue generation for hotel companies can be traced along the different periods in the following illustration. (Thakran Verma, 2013) Novotel Sydney based in Darling Harbour focuses on using multiple channels like Online Travel Advisors (OTAs) and also its own website for encouraging customers to make their bookings and reservations. Similarly, the hotel company also focused on development of a Smartphone app like the Novotel Virtual Concierge for helping the customers in conducting bookings and reservations in a convenient fashion(Novotel Hotels, 2016). Conclusions The report reflects based on the use of both empirical and pragmatic analysis the revenue management strategies that is and also needs to be undertaken by Novotel Sydney based in Darling Harbour. The analysis being conducted based on segmenting the consumer market for the hotel, analysis of the competitor set, demand forecasting practices and channel management rightly reflects on the potential strategies that is and also needs to be undertaken by the hotel company for revenue maximisation. The understanding of effective strategies undertaken by other luxury hotels along the different segments effectively help in reviewing and evaluating the present revenue maximisation strategy of Novotel Sydney. Recommendations Based on the above analysis it can be effectively recommended that Novotel Sydney based in Darling Harbour needs to focus on the development of applications for the social networking platforms like Facebook and Twitter in that the same would help the customers generate bookings and reservations in an instant and direct fashion. The development of such apps would not only help the hotel company in developing an international market presence but also in attracting potential revenues. Further, Novotel Sydney needs to focus on the development of effective gaming and other events matching with the seasons and external occasions to help in attracting potential tourists. The management of the hotel is also required to effectively focus on understanding and evaluating consumer and tourist trends visiting the Sydney hotels. The trend analysis can be conducted based on the use of both historical and online data for generation of effective forecasts. References Chen, C.-M., Lin, Y.-C., Chi, Y.-P. (2016). Do competitive strategy effects vary across hotel industry cycles? International Journal of Hospitality Management , 54, 104-106. Croce, V. (2016). Can tourism confidence index improve tourism demand forecasts? Journal of Tourism Futures , 2 (1), 6-21. Duverger, P. (2013). Curvilinear Effects of User-Generated Content on Hotels' Market Share: A Dynamic Panel-Data Analysis. Journal of Travel Research , 20 (10), 1-14. HVS. (2012). How to Identify a Hotel Competitive Set for a Hotel Market Study. Ontario: HVS. KULENDRAN, N., KING, B., YAP, M. H. (2016). Using demand determinants to anticipate fluctuations in hotel occupancy. Tourism Economics , 22 (1), 179-187. Law, R., Buhalis, D., Cobanoglu, C. (2014). Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 26 (5), 727-750. Law, R., Leung, R., Lo, A., Leung, D. (2015). Distribution channel in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 27 (3), 431-452. Ling, L., Guo, X., Yang, C. (2014). Opening the online marketplace: An examination of hotel pricing and travel agency on-line distribution of rooms. Tourism Management , 45, 234-243. Novotel Hotels. (2016). Welcome to the Novotel Sydney on Darling Harbour. Retrieved August 8, 2016, from https://www.novoteldarlingharbour.com.au/ Pekgn, P., Menich, R. P., Acharya, S., Finch, P. G. (2013). Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group Maximizes Revenue Through Improved Demand Management and Price Optimization. Interfaces , 43 (1), 21-36. Pereira-Moliner, J. F.-A. (2015). The Holy Grail: Environmental management, competitive advantage and business performance in the Spanish hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 27 (5), 714-738. Robson, S. K., Noone, B. (2014). Show me what you see, tell me what you think: Using eye tracking for hospitality research. Cornell Hospitality Report , 14 (17), 6-12. ROGERSON, J. M. (2013). Market segmentation and the changing budget hotel industry in urban South Africa. Urbani izziv , 24 (2), 112-123. Thakran, K., Verma, R. (2013). The emergence of hybrid online distribution channels in travel, tourism and hospitality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly , 54 (3), 240-247.

Kelloggs Supply Chain Management

Kellogg’s incorporation of specialist transportation and storage companies to cater for the logistic aspects of the business is a good mix within the Supply Chain Management. This has helped in the reduction of distribution costs and also ensures that consumers receive goods in time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kellogg’s Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Incorporation of major retails within the system assists in distribution purposes and also maintenance of good relationships with customers. Just-in-time system assists in the management of the inventory ensures balance is maintained at each section of the supply chain. This is done through efficient distribution system brought about by the relocation of warehouses (Kotler and Keller, 2007). There is elaborate restriction on companies within the supply chain allowing them to concentrate within their line of specialization. Also the incorporation of computerized warehousing enables efficient manufacturing and distribution of products, eliminating the sense of delay. Kellogg’s organization within the supply chain ensures easy identification and implementation of necessary solutions towards marketing opportunities. The idea of incorporating appropriate computerized measuring tools assists them in the process of gaining full control of supply chain. This has enabled the company to easily partner with efficient retailers, technology and processes towards improvement of competitive advantages (Godsell et al, 2006). Improvement can be made in the management of inventories within the supply chain. This requires involvement of adequate technological processes and incorporates proper management of supplies from manufacturing processes to delivery. Implementation of right kind of inventory determines profitability levels, since inventory velocity plays integral role in the success any business (Kotler an d Keller, 2007). At the same time efficiency can be reinforced within manufacturing by the use of Business Score Card which assists in making important changes within human resource and manufacturing.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that the overall efficiency of the processes should be improved by more than 10%. Besides focusing on quality expectations from consumers, the various aspects of production should encompass cost of production and nature of delivery. The use of supply chain order matrix should be implemented to reveal the real nature of the company’s organization (Godsell et al, 2006). Table1: Supply chain Order Matrix Metrics Reliability Responsiveness Flexibility Cost Assets Perfect Order Fulfilment z Order fulfilment Cycle time z Upside Supply Chain flexibility z Upside Supply Chain Adaptability z Downside Supply Chain Adaptability z SCM Cost z Cost of Goods Sold Z Cash-to-Cash Cycle Time z Return on Supply Chain Fixed Assets z Return on Working Capital z Importance of companies like Kellogg’s in building good relationships with businesses in the tertiary sector Big companies such as Kellogg’s operate under influence of central management for the purposes of capturing national and global markets. Kellogg’s require good relations within the tertiary sector since Supply chain management comprises of various activities from operations, marketing management, economics and logistics of which needs other parties for full implementation of the supply cycle (Hagel and Brown, 2005). There are considerable sources of competition within the food industry from established companies. This has been enhanced through improved technology and the rising demand for quality goods. There is tremendous shift of power downstream where much focus is set on end-users of the manufactured products (Kotler and Keller, 2007). It is easier for Kellogg’s to satisfy consumer needs by reaching them through the various distribution channels such as supermarkets. Hence every process undertaken by Kellogg’s should focus on customer satisfaction. In order to address competitive issues there is need for integration and coordination of supply chains at tertiary level. It is also easier to evaluate various consumers’ challenges and their effects within organizations at tertiary level (Kotler and Keller, 2007). Relationship at tertiary level assists in the creation of foundation, where the organization is capable of initiating appropriate mobilization of right resources. Pull models created in the process of supplying products assists in addressing increasing uncertainties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kellogg’s Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is possibility of improving the level of creativity based on the knowledge of local participants enabling elaborate satisfaction of immediate needs (Hagel and Brown, 2005). Incorporation of tertiary channels encourages teamwork, whereby innovative ideas capable of solving the rising demand for products are shared. Pull models used by the Company at the tertiary level addresses rising opportunities such as supplying goods to surrounding supermarkets and retail shops. Tertiary outlets provide necessary services capable of treating consumers as creative entities with abilities towards solutions and creation of opportunities (Kotler and Keller, 2007; Godsell et al, 2006). Kellogg’s should be very vigilant on customer centric issues since they become more demanding concerning their expectations, hence the company should aspire to customize their products and services. Players within the value chain should form integrated network capable of providing differ entiated segment products as well as upgraded customer services. Well coordination within the supply chain and responsible actions from the companies assist them in winning consumer confidence and trust (Kotler and Keller, 2007). Figure 1: Level 1 SCOR model of the supply chain operations Evaluation on at least three benefits for large manufacturers like Kellogg’s in handing over the logistical side of their business to specialist companies like TDGAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several problems within supply chain logistics of multi-site companies like Kellogg’s. This at times remain complex, since there is involvement of multiple stakeholders across the entire enterprise. Such complex nature of the supply chain demands that some services be outsourced since extra costs are incurred by companies in the process of reaching consumers with quality products and information. Such logistical activities range from determination of appropriate raw materials means of transport, manufacturing and process facilities involved in processing and incorporation of appropriate business components (Harrison and van Hoek, 2008). There is need for outsourcing logistical services for the purposes of maintaining supply hubs which at times remain in the verge of extinct due to the escalated operation costs. Handing over company logistics to specialists like TDG assists smooth integration and coordination of activities across the organization and throughout the s upply chain. This allows for internal and external integration of management creating the relevance of differentiating the role of supplier and supply management practices. Delegating the logistical side of the business enables the company to concentrate specifically in manufacturing activities. Elimination of such costs also contributes towards profit margin (Harrison and van Hoek, 2008). Outsourcing logistical side helps in leveraging the company’s global presence and at the same time benefit from synergies within its premises. At the same time enabling provision of opportunities through which appropriate models capable of delivering results within the supply chain are initiated. The resulting specialization and division of activities within multiple locations makes operations easier and improves efficiency. Such mode of operations results into reliance on provisions from the end markets (Harrison and van Hoek, 2008). The element of logistics can also be used in determining potential partners within supply chain and at the same time assists in the development of crucial processes with ultimate response to consumer requirements. Supply chain management should be considered as an essential component of multi-national businesses. However, this should be related to company’s strategy concepts. Outsourcing logistics enables effectiveness within the supply chain assisting in elimination of uncertainties which makes the company comply with various adaptive processes within the changing environment. The idea also enables easier participation in community development programs which gives clear indication of Kellogg’s approach to Corporate Social Responsibility. Consumers are currently identifying with companies that are environmentally sensitive. Increase in the percentage of sales within the various market segments indicates high level of customer satisfaction based on quality and prices. Key elements of the marketing mix showing how an organiza tion can improve its overall marketing strategy Competitive strategy within the company should focus on providing customers with superior products through their outlets. Such strategy can be reinforced by use of modern technology which makes it possible for customers to confidently follow respective deliveries. Development of brand image grants the company a strong position on the global market, hence capable of controlling a considerable market share. Application of good public relations within the market is an added advantage since there is an assurance of good coordination between customers and the organization. This can be done through internet and other digital communication services which prove advantageous within competitive market environment where majority of the players apply modern technology (Kotler and Keller, 2007). The target market has to be defined appropriately for the realization of effective results. Service companies like TNT targets household and office deliver ies within the global market, and this has made them upgrade their supply chain for consumer conveniences (Kotler and Keller, 2007). Customer centric measures such as lead times, on-time delivery services, and customer index and consumer satisfaction levels can uniformly be identified through the use of BSC system Product strategy requires that the product offered should be capable of satisfying current consumer needs. For service companies marketing should be based on relationship and value. Such distinctions are based on defined qualities such as intangibility, inseparability and heterogeneity. The nature of competition within food and beverage industry demands production of high quality products in line with consumer needs. Excellent services within target markets ensure that customers maintain their loyalty to company products for fairly longer time. However, it is often easier to satisfy consumer needs when the markets are sub-divided into segments. This would also determine th e kind of machineries used for monitoring and delivery purposes. Wider market coverage is done through multichannel distribution (Omera and Bernard, 2007). Positioning of a strong brand within the market place, like McDonald’s, enables the company to command considerably large share within the global market. Pricing strategy is used by most companies in the process of determining consumer loyalty to company’s products. Nature of pricing applied by various companies determines the percentage of consumer base they are able to attract. Pricing methods normally used in the market place include; geographical, psychological, zone pricing amongst others. Companies such as TNT adopted the use of segmentation pricing for their services, whereby services are priced based on distance and nature of the products on delivery (Kotler and Keller, 2007). Reference List Godsell, J, Harrison, A, Emberson, C Storey, J 2006, ‘Customer responsive Supply chain strategy: An unnatural a ct?’ International Journal of Logistics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 2-35. Hagel, J, Brown, J 2005, ‘From Push to Pull Emerging models for Mobilizing Resources’, Working paper, vol.10, no. 1 pp. 2-48 Harrison, A van Hoek, R 2008, Logistics Management and Strategy: Competing  Through the Supply Chain, Prentice-Hall, London. Kotler, P Keller, K 2007, Marketing Management, Pearson, Upper Saddle River. Omera, K Bernard, B 2007, ‘Risk and supply chain management: creating a Research Agenda,’ The International Journal of Logistics Management, vol.18, no. 2, pp. 197 – 216 This essay on Kellogg’s Supply Chain Management was written and submitted by user Ava Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

6 Steps to Finding a Second Job

6 Steps to Finding a Second Job Need a second job? The first thing you’ll need to do is figure out what kind of second job most suits you- do you want to work for someone else, or are you better off working towards starting a small business or trying self-employment? Then, think about your schedule. Most second jobs will choose you depending on the flexibility (or inflexibility) of the hours you have available. Do you need benefits? Is this a temporary solution? Or do you want a long-term gig? Figure out what sort of thing you’re looking for, then follow these easy tips towards finding yourself that extra paycheck. 1. Narrow your searches.Search parameters can be incredibly helpful when looking  for second jobs in particular, as you can select keywords that are deal-breakers for you, like â€Å"weekend† â€Å"evening† â€Å"freelance† â€Å"telecommute† â€Å"part-time† etc. and really narrow the field.2. Look for online gigs.Try looking for online jobs where you c an work from home- often in your pajamas- and still, supplement your income. Be careful to find the legitimate opportunities out there among the scams. Try online tutoring, or freelance writing, or even start an Etsy shop to sell your crafts.3. Go in person.If you’re looking for a second job in a restaurant or store or hotel, then going in person with a resume and a professional demeanor might just get you through the door. Make sure not to show up at the busiest times of day so you can actually get yourself noticed.4. Use your contacts.You’ve built a network for a reason. Use it. Put out feelers telling your contacts you’re looking to pick up a little extra work. You never know what you might turn up. Besides, they might come up with more unique opportunities than you could dredge up yourself. Try for something exciting or challenging or different to shake things up!5. Be upfront.Make it clear to your potential new employer that this would be your second job. T his is the best policy honesty-wise, but also will ensure that they are more understanding about your scheduling needs.6. Consider caregiving.Caregiver jobs are at an all-time high as far as demand is concerned. Whether you’re caring for pets or children or the elderly and infirm, there’s probably a gig out there that would work for you- and really help a family out when they most need it.

Scottsdale Journey Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scottsdale Journey Stories - Essay Example Scottsdale is one of the cities found within the state of Arizona and has a population of over 200,000 people according to the 2010 data sourced from the United States census bureau. Scottsdale is also known as the desert version of Miami due to the similarity it has with the south beach and the numerous partying found within this locality. The city of Scottsdale is believed to have been originally occupied by the Hohokam, a culture that belongs to the pre-historic era according to archeological information. The city of Scottsdale has for long organized the Scottsdale arts festival, an event that showcases the cultural and art gallery of the state to demonstrate the heritage of the city. The Scottsdale has also been ranked as the best in arts culture festival event in the United States according to the American style magazine. A section of Scottsdale hosts a number of art galleries leries and museums that are open to the public to enable them appreciate the tradition of the city.Jour ney stories are a Smithsonian exhibition that is used to tell the story of the evolution and growth of a nation. These stories are used to illustrate the thrill of travel as well the problems that one can meet while travelling through the different parts of the United States. In this paper, the journey story of the city of Scottsdale in Arizona will be conducted according to the Smithsonian exhibition. The journey stories have been used to tell us the progress that was made in the development of America to illuminate the heritage and the diversity of our people. It provides a better picture of how the American transport and communication system was built and the struggles the characterized the building of a nation (Higgins 34). The journey story of the city of Scottsdale seeks to highlight the tales of the ancestor and how they moved to America from their original lands. The journey story to Scottsdale explores the major connections in the city which can be associated with the Smith sonian’s journey stories. This area has for long been considered as the center of migration within the state of Arizona due to the numerous transportation and crossroad networks within the state. The trails, roads, railways, highways and the air transport networks within the city have provided a lot of business opportunity for the people of Scottsdale. The city is also characterized b y economic prosperity, religious freedom and opportunities for thrilling adventures (Bennett 43). The Scottsdale public arts exhibition has been used for several years to show the historical background and cultural heritage of the city. In this exhibition conducted in partnership with the Scottsdale public library, the educational and cultural riches of the city are made available and open to the public for viewing. These programs have been used to create public awareness of the art and increase public interest towards the cultural developments that have been witnessed in the city (Higgins 24). In this journey across the city of Scottsdale, the magnificent roads, rail network and the tradition prehistoric sites will be visited to provide a clear picture of the city today and in the past. The Scottsdale seen today that is characterized by a number of skyscrapers was not present a century ago and this progress in the development of proper housing structure began with the struggles of the forefathers. The town of Arizona has fences built around different homes and buildings, a feature to highlight the need for security to protect our homes and villages. These fences are made from decorative structures which form part of the beautiful landscape that we see today in different parts of the city (Farquhar 2). The kolaces, the spaetzle and the perogie that is a common diet for most of the people around the city of Scottsdale has a tradition background with this place. The culture of the old Scottsdale has thus influenced the eating habits of the present Scottsdale. The recipes, me nus and the ceremonies

Kant and the Simpson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kant and the Simpson - Essay Example The fulfillment of our desires is easier than the fulfillment of our goals. The Simpsons often emphasize the clash among the goals and wishes. A lot of episodes tell us that the Simpsons are better. In â€Å"dumbbell indemnity†, Homer is shown to have the ability to rationalize his desires while consulting moral duties. He is asked by his friend Moe to destroy his car so that Moe can get the insurance. Homer consults his conscience and decides to do it. This teaches us how not to act. In â€Å"war of Simpsons† when Homer deliberately hurts his wife, due to which she takes him to a marriage counseling session at cat fish lake, he is persuaded by the thought of General Sherman, a fish, to go fishing but in the end he renounces fame for family and frees the fish. In this way he prefers moral deeds on his desires. Flanders was also at the counseling session because his wife had underlined in his bible. As opposite to Moe, Flanders had no personal wants. In â€Å"Viva Ned Flanders†, Flanders hires Homer to teach him how to live and that gives a disastrous Drunken Double Marriage in Las Vegas. Homer has a desire for his personal life while Flanders is deep into m orality. Bart is a devilish boy just like his father. In â€Å"Bart’s girlfriend†, Bart is in love with the minister’s daughter, Jessica. Adversely, Jessica is only interested in him because she sees him as his partner in the theft from the collection basket. When she steals from the basket, Bart tries to convince her that it is wrong but instead he gets caught which makes him to return to his cunning. In another episode â€Å"Bart the mother†, Bart incidentally kills a mother bird but feels so guilty that he decides to take care of the orphan eggs which, unfortunately come out to be banned bird eating lizards. Although this was wrong but he gets fame because of it as they started eating the pigeons and the harvest was saved. Lisa, Bart’s sister tries to change his mind but he was too devious to listen to anyone. In â€Å"Reality Bites† Marge took up a job as an estate agent as a career to prove her values and abilities to herself and to sto p being taken granted by her family. The trouble is Marge sincerely wants to help her customers and is prepared to sacrifice her own interests for the sake of her perceived duty and she sticks to honesty in selling houses rather than falsehoods. But by the end of the story she learns that she can still do her duty for duty’s sake and still achieve her personal goals. No matter what others say but telling the truth do not always hurt. Lisa is a girl with a strong sense of moral duty. She can not tolerate things which are against proper ethical behavior and when ever she takes a stand for principles she has to suffer and she is forced to turn a blind eye towards it. In â€Å"Lisa stands up for principle† Lisa, while having a lamb chop in her meal, identifies that it is wrong to slaughter a defenseless animal. While fighting for her principles Lisa ruined homer’s barbecue party and is being shunned by her family. She then found refuge in the house of a Hindu store owner, Apu, where she met a new vegetarian family Paul and Linda. She finally thought that her ideas will be respected here but the mild reply which she got from Apu when she said that people can eat cheese made her realize that she was being arrogant and hard on many people. This accident created a mild and bearable sense of morality in Lisa. In â€Å"Lisa isolation† Lisa insisted on being enrolled in a military school with her brother Bart. As the first girl in the school Lisa felt very isolated even her brother

The Study Of Error Analysis | Essay

The Study Of Error Analysis | Essay S.P. Corder is the parent of the scientific method that focuses on the errors learners make. He is considered as one of the main exponents of Error Analysis and that actually became a recognized part of applied linguistics. In Corders article (1967), entitled The significance of learners errors, the author investigates error analysis from a completely different perspective. Whereas, before Corder, errors used to be seen as defects that needed to be eliminated without giving too much attention to their role in second language acquisition, with Corder we begin to see how errors are indispensable for the learners themselves. In fact, according to Corder, errors could be regarded as a device the learner uses in order to learn the language. He states, we interpret his incorrect utterances as being evidence that he is in the process of acquiring language (p. 165). Lightbown and Spada (2006) agree with Corders claim that error analysis sights to discover and describe different kinds of erro rs with the intention of understanding how students attain a second language. Corders argument that learners errors are signals of actual learning is supported by another researcher of error analysis, James M. Hendrickson (1978), who points out, not only do all language learners necessarily produce errors when they communicate, but systematic analysis of errors can provide useful insights into the processes of language acquisition (p. 388). Thus, they both celebrate the fact that errors are significant and essential in the study of Second Language Acquisition. Corder demonstrates that not only do errors play a crucial role to the individual who can learn from these errors, but also to the teachers as they are able to track each students progress, and even to the researchers as they demonstrate how a language acquired and what strategies the learners use. Related to this, is the concept of how many errors are due to the fact that the learner uses structures, which derive from the native language. In Corders view, the possession of ones native language is facilitative, as errors in this case represent evidence of ones learning strategies. Dulay and Burt (1974) in their study maintain the same idea. In other words, they endorse that the childs errors are not indicators of faulty learning nor a need for instructional intervention (p. 135). To put it succinctly, they emphasize that making errors is vital in the learning process, and learners need to know the kind of errors they utter. Hence, before moving on the next notion that Corders article researches, it is essential to report the distinction that the author makes between systematic and non-systematic errors. Unsystematic errors occur in ones native language; Corder calls these mistakes and asserts that they are not significant to the process of language learning. On the other hand, he defines errors the systematic ones that are likely to occur repeatedly and that are not recognized by the learners. Such insight plays a significant role in linguistic research, and in the way linguists look at errors, understand them, and apply their outcomes to improve language competence. Moreover, Corder suggests that when a learner makes an error, the most efficient way to teach him/her the correct form is not by simply giving the correct answer to him/her, but by introducing a self-correctability criterion, in which the learner has to discover and find the correct linguistic form. In this way, learners should be given ample opportunities and sufficient time to self-correct. The standard way of thinking about error correction is that its purpose is to improve learners accuracy and language acquisition. I have always believed that providing students with immediate corrective and constructive feedback would have helped them acquire a new language better. When I was in high school, I used to think that it was the teachers responsibility to offer us, learners, corrections of our errors and that we were supposed to follow teachers instructions firmly. However, as a teacher, I have a totally different point of view. I support the idea that the audio-lingual approach to teaching a language is helpful in the sense that we learn grammar through memorization of dialogues and drills, but I find Corders argument of making language teaching in a more humanistic and less mechanistic way to be more persuasive. With this new trend comes the idea of learners different needs and styles. I currently learn basic Cantonese and Spanish through behaviorist theory. I am not yet a fluent speaker of those two languages but I put more efforts to acquire these language strands via repetition and mimicry. Although I find this to be an interesting and fascinating learning process, on closer examination I admire the idea that language teaching now follows more modern theories, which take into account students needs and wants. Because students are different from one another, they may react differently to their teachers error correction. Therefore, it is extremely critical that we, as language teachers, create a safe and supportive classroom environment in which our students can feel confident and at their ease about expressing their thoughts and ideas freely without suffering the threat or embarrassment of having each one of their incorrect language utterances corrected. As Mark R. Freiermuth (1997) advocates in his essay, errors are inevitable in the language classroom, but they should be addressed in a rational and consistent manner (p.6). In conclusion, although the study of error analysis is still quite speculative as we do not have a well-defined answer for who should correct the errors, when they should be corrected, and how they should be brought to the learners attention, we should keep in mind that there are techniques and strategies for error correction that we ought to implement in our classrooms. Interestingly, as I mentioned earlier, Corder views errors deriving from the learners L1 not as inhibitory, but as something that could aid to their learning growth, whether the learners are children or adults. As we studied in this class, many could count as factors for the L1 transfer errors in the acquisition of English. Among these are age, motivation, intelligence, time of exposure to the target language, place and purpose of learning English. Those can surely influence SLA and in some cases they can obstruct communication. It is our job, therefore, to provide our students with constant support and guidance, and ensure a pleasant and growing ambience.

HP Company SWOT Analysis Essay -- Business Management Essays

Hewlett-Packard SWOT Analysis Strengths   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hewlett-Packard is a global technology company and after its merger with Compaq it became world’s biggest computer hardware and peripherals company in the world, ranking 20 in the Fortune 500 list. Company is doing business in more then 170 countries including the ones that are developing and under-developed. Being a large company gives HP many advantages like dominating the market for printers, both laser and inkjet, and both for consumers and companies using the economies of scale. The company is also taking an active role in developing the capacity of new markets all around the world, engaging with other multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations and other world governing bodies to reignite the competitiveness at home and abroad through policies and strategies that can support free-market economies. This is one of the reasons that makes HP a leading technology company in the growing IT markets (HP Annual Report, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hewlett-Packard generated nearly $6.1 billion in cash flow from its operations and increased its cash and equivalents by 3 billion in 2003 (Datamonitor, 2004). Debt levels in this year were also very low which was significantly lower then the previous year. This is a great advantage which enables the company to increase its investments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HP always recognized the need to compete in global markets. Product diversity of the company is another big advantage that enables the company to hold its position even in the times of recession. As long as the products are good and have reasonable prices there will be a demand. Company has a product span from calculators to laser printers , from notebook computers to servers. The company has a long history of inventions and innovations until it came to this stage. Research and Development (R&D) is foucused on key growth areas like rich digital media, mobility, management softwares and security. HP knows that enterprises and consumers might have different needs, but the technology requirements to meet those needs are usually the same. HP labs continue to research future technologies such as nanotechnology to ensure that the company is investing in longt-term growth and competitiveness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the acquisition of Compaq the new company formed four new divisions including enterprise systems group, imaging and printing ... ...ure in the overall PC market. Dell is a strong competitor and has a focus on the standardized computer markets. The company eliminates inventories more efficiently then any of its competitors which is a main threat for HP.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HP recently had to deal with a number of lawsuits which have been filed for various reasons like unfair business practices and patent rights from other companies and academic institutions like Cornell University . The outcome of these events may create bad reputation which can affect the operations. Works Cited: 1. Datamonitor. (2004). Hewlett-Packard Company. Retrieved October 14, 2004 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.datamonitor.com 2. Hewlett –Packard Development Company, L.P. (2004). HP 2003 Annual Report , 4-11. 3. Hoover’s Online (2004) Hewlett-Packard Company. Retrieved October 16, 2004 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://0-premium.hoovers.com.oasis.lib.tamuk.edu/subscribe/co/fin/xhtml 4. Ribeiro, J. (2004, February 11) HP sets up India Call Center. IDG News Service. Retrieved October 16, 2004 from http://www.nwfusion.com/news/2004/0211hpsets.html 5. Rivlin, G. (2004, August 13). Hewlett profits come in lower then expected. New York Times, pg. C.1.

Wireless Technology

Wireless Technology Paper Stephen Wenclewicz, Ronda Wilson, Matthew Tiemens, Sheleada Wells, Annabelle Franklin DeVry University Tech, Society and Culture LAS432 Professor Laurence Hornibrook Table of Contents Introduction to Wireless Technology4 Overview of Wireless Technology5 Science that Drove Wireless Development 6 Signal Types10 Wireless Network Infrastructure12 History of Wireless Technology15 Social Factors that Drove Wireless Technology19 Wireless Technology Timeline24 Political Effects on Development28 Legal Issues Related to Wireless Technology30Legal Concerns Related to the Development of Wireless Technology31 Economics in Relation to Wireless Technology33 Psychological considerations and sociological effects43 Personal Communication43 Emotional Disconnect45 Worldly Effects 50 Media Influence51 Impact on Education52 Impact on USA54 Environmental Implications55 Implications for Wireless Technology56 Wireless Waste56 Analysis59 Health Concerns59 Moral and Ethical Implicatio ns61 Conclusion64 Works Cited67 Introduction to Wireless Technology (Wenclewicz) You just awoke and looked out your window, and to your surprise, your car is covered with 5 inches of snow.You have to leave for work in 40 minutes but you still need to take a shower and get things ready for your day. You do not have the extra time to go outside and warm your car up before you leave, but you have remote start and with just a click of a button, you are able to start your car while you are getting ready. This is just one of the many things that we might take for granted that wireless technology has provided for us in the world today. Wireless technology is a technology that has changed the world and how it operates.Wireless technology is the ability to communicate between devices without wires. Wireless technology is found in many devices ranging from cell phones, computers, GPS units and house alarms. Through the advancements in our technology, it has become less common to function with out this technology. Wireless technology provides the ability to transfer information between points without an electrical conductor connecting them. Wireless technology has provided us the ability to have long range communications that would not normally happen if wires were needed.It is important to understand that wireless technology increases the chances for people to steal your information. So having a better understanding of the various types of wireless security will increase your ability to enjoy this technology with limited fear. The issue that there is no wire for people to access does provide a greater chance for security issues. When you are operating on a wireless network, your communication can be monitored by anyone who is in the area. Another issue is limiting access to your network by only allowing certain people viewing ability over the wireless connection.Being able to limit those who have access to your information over wireless is harder than limiting access to those who are physically attached to a switched point on the network. By the end of this paper, you will have a better understanding the overall history of wireless technology not only how it changed the world, as we know it today, but also further, how wireless technology has affected Germany. You will have a better understanding of how wireless technology has helped the German economy as well as how it has led to political power.Germany has made much advancement as a country in wireless technology and because of wireless technology; they have improved themselves as a nation. Overview of Wireless Technology (Wenclewicz) Wireless technology is nothing new to us, how we look at it is what is different. Looking back at the early times of man there have been many different forms of wireless communications that have taken place. Many tribes used drums as a form of communication, the message would be sent by beating on drums. This sound would only travel a short distance so its effective ness was very limited.A way that the tribes overcame this issue was by setting up different points and each drummer would acknowledge the sender’s message by a series of beats on the drum. After the message was confirmed received then the message would be sent to the next receiver. In the times of the American Indians, the tribes would use smoke signals as a form of wireless communication. The downside to this form of communication was the limited distance based on line of sight. Due to a limited alphabet and the issues, that the wind causes would increase the chances that the communication would be lost or misinterpreted.Soon followed was the introduction of the semaphore flag. The semaphore flag system is one used to convey information at a distance by using signals with flags, paddles or gloved hands. The downside to this form of wireless communication is that it is limited to line of sight as well, and that because this had to take place in the open the chances of your me ssage being stolen is increased. Science that Drove Wireless Development (Wenclewicz) â€Å"In the nineteenth century, light beams were used for short-haul communications, particularly in military contexts.Very detailed messages could be transmitted by a coded sequence (Morse code) of blinking lights from sender to receiver. Again, this was effective over limited distances and provided a quiet, yet visible means of communication. Drawbacks included limited distance, unauthorized reception of information due to visibility at various angles, and risk of interception. Security was always suspicious, so a form of alphabetic encryption was introduced as a safeguard. This required an ever-changing code set, along with special handling and extra time to manually decipher the transmitted message.Furthermore, the cipher code had to be kept current at all locations to achieve correctness. † (Denham, 2009) Wireless technology has been traced back as early as the 1800’s. Wireless technology came about because of many individuals who all had one common ability and that was the ability to think outside the box. A man by the name of James Clerk Maxwell helped discover the science of electromagnetism. Electromagnetism is the interaction of positive and negative charges that have come together and regulated by one force. There are four main effects resulting from these interactions, all of which have been clearly demonstrated by experiments: 1. Electric charges attract or repel one another with a force inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: unlike charges attract, like ones repel. 2. Magnetic poles (or states of polarization at individual points) attract or repel one another in a similar way and always come in pairs: every North Pole is yoked to a South Pole. 3. An electric current in a wire creates a circular magnetic field around the wire, its direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise) depending on that of the current. . A current is induced in a loop of wire when it is moved towards or away from a magnetic field, or a magnet is moved towards or away from it, the direction of current depending on that of the movement. â€Å" (Article Alley, 2008) During this time, the Heinrich Hertz who was a German physicist who furthered clarified and expanded on the studies from James Clerk Maxwell. By doing more experiments, Heinrich Hertz helped advance the use of radio waves and antennas. The biggest discovery that Heinrich Hertz had took place over a 2-year span from 1886-1888.It was during this time he was able to prove that electrical energy could be transmitted at the speed of light in the form of electromagnetic waves. One of the biggest outcomes from this finding was his ability to learn that these waves could be polarized, refracted and reflected which is similar to light. Hertz used an end-loaded half-wave dipole as the transmitting antenna and a resonant half-wave receiving loop operating at a wavelength of 8 me ters to produce what is known as short radio waves. He focused the waves with a reflector and showed their presence by means of sparks in the wire loop gap that was a few meters away.It was Hertz’ experiments coupled with Guglielmo Marconi’s inventions, which lead to the birth of wireless technology. During this time, Marconi was able to transmit signals without wires for a distance of over 1 mile. It was soon after this accomplishment that Marconi was granted the first patent in 1896 for wireless telegraphy. It was in 1897 that the first wireless company Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company Limited was formed. During this time, Russian Professor Alexander Popov was trying to create a thunderstorm detector, and while doing this he stumble across a device that could receive radio waves.His invention allowed sailors to send out communication to station on land, which lead to the first use of radio communication to date. â€Å"Nathan Stubblefield, widely believed to be the inventor of the wireless telephone device more than a century ago, was an eccentric melon farmer who worked in isolation from his barn in the foothills of Kentucky. He described himself as a â€Å"practical farmer, fruit grower and electrician. † His friends described him as plain and unassuming in his manner, yet secretive. The only individual he trusted was his 14-year-old son and assistant, Bernard.Stubblefield’s device reportedly worked by audio frequency induction. It was composed of a system of wires suspended between metal rods, with the transmitter placed on a train carriage or boat. When a vehicle or vessel neared, a signal was sent through the air to the telephone using magnetic fields. It could be heard at the other end of the wire through another phone. † (Denham, 2009). Signal Types (Wenclewicz) It was in the 20th Century that the transmitting antenna was established. By using this device, it helped prove that a transmission of a message co uld be sent back and forth while bending and traveling the speed of light.It was during this time that Reginald Fessenden was able to transmit the human voice, up until this point the only confirmed transmission has been Morse code. It was from this point that wireless technology began to rapidly advance, in such was that in 1910 Magnus Ericsson used the first â€Å"car phone† which was made up of two long sticks. It was not until the 1920’s when wireless technology took its biggest improvements and developments. It was during this time that broadcasting and news stations were using radio transmissions, as well as Police departments began to use car radios and walkie-talkies.The advancements of wireless technology proved to be very significant during WWII. During this time, the armies we able to transmit battlefield information across enemy lines, where before this time that was an improbable feat. The Germans used Enigma machines for encoding their secret military inf ormation to be sent to outposts. With Enigma, messages could easily be translated into 5 (five) letter groups that were transmitted in Morse code and then decoded by a machine using the same settings. Unfortunately, these machines had over 150 000 000 000 000 settings which made the task of decoding for the British code breakers a Herculean one. (Dubendorf, 2003) During the early parts of the war, the development of the RADAR system was accomplished. A key step in the development of wireless technology was the development of satellite communications. In 1957, President Eisenhower approved a plan to place a satellite in space to orbit the Earth to gather data about the Russians and the Earth, but the Russians were first to launch Sputnik 1, which was released into space and was only the size of a basketball. Sputnik 1 fell from orbit 3 months after launch, but during the time, it was up in orbit it was able to prove the satellite communication was possible.The launch of Sputnik 1 ope ned a new dimension of wireless technology, which had great effect on political outcomes throughout the world. â€Å"The launch of the Telstar, another communications satellite, proved to be a major milestone in the development of satellite communication. On the 23rd. of July 1962, it was used to make the first live transatlantic television transmissions. Signals from the USA were seen live in many homes around Europe, making communication history. † (Dubendorf, 2003) With the development of wireless technology over the many centuries we are able to see the results all over the world.Today there are millions of people who rely on the use of wireless technology in one form or another ranging from cell phones to internet. The first network to carry cellular communication was Nordic Mobile Telephone which was based on an analogue standard. Analogue is any continuous signal in which the time varying feature of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity. Th ese systems faced the challenge of not being able to handle the rapidly growing capacity, it was because of this that the digital technology was introduced and offered several advantages than the analogue systems.Digital systems offer the ability to meet demands of the ever growing capacity and demands of the wireless world. Wireless Network Infrastructure (Wenclewicz) Network infrastructure for wireless technology is very vital to the all that use wireless communications in some way. Due to the ever changing world in which we live in, now more than ever we are feeling the need to â€Å"stay connected. † These changes have implemented the IT departments and their need to support remote and mobile users. Since the introduction of WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks) the increase of wireless technology still leave some with unanswered questions.WLANs use electromagnetic waves for the transmission of data without wire connection between Access Points. As the distance between acc esses points from the users increase the speed decreases. WLANs transmit data via radio waves which help provide and advantage because this allows for some noise and interference while transmitting data. â€Å"There are many options depending on the geographic location where you live your wireless data options may be different in your community. 802. 11b is the most current and common denominator in terms of wireless LANs in Germany. This system operates on a 2. 4 GHz system. 02. 11b can be used for networking from peer to peer to entire businesses to establish links for interconnection of networks. 802. 11a is an approved standard that operates in a different radio range 5GHz than 802. 11b and offers higher theoretical and actual data speeds than 802. 11b (54Mbps theoretical, roughly 25Mbps actual). It operates under 3 bands of spectrum and can provide up to 12 non-interfering channels. It is widely viewed as one successor to the very pervasive 802. 11b. 802. 11g is an approved st andard that uses the same radio spectrum as the 802. 11b, but operates at speeds imilar to 802. 11a. One of the pros is that because it uses the same radio spectrum, it is possible that devices using 11g will be able to â€Å"fall-back† to using 11b in the presence of an 11b only wireless LAN. A con is that 11g is still restricted to the same 3 to 4 channels for design, and it may be difficult to design a high bandwidth 11g network without a significant amount of overlapping channels. A further complication is that in the current implementation of the specification, 11g clients slow down to 11b client speeds (11Mbps or less) if an 11g network supports both 11b and 11g clients.Bluetooth is more geared as a PAN (personal Area Network) than as a LAN. It is a â€Å"standard† in the sense of a large number of technology companies have come together to develop the specification for devices that will use Bluetooth to inter-communicate with each other. Bluetooth uses the same unlicensed radio spectrum as 802. 11 (and g) and as such there is a potential that the presence of Bluetooth and 11b devices in the same area will interfere with each other. There is an IEEE standard (802. 5) that is based on the Bluetooth specification and there are efforts within the IEEE 802 working groups to have 11b(g) and 15 devices now flooding the market will not necessarily provide a comfortable level of cohabitation of the radio spectrum. Cellular and â€Å"3G† services-these are wireless data services being offered or talked about by primarily the various cellular providers (Verizon, Sprint, AT&T). For the most part, the notion is to carry data over the same radio spectrum as a cellular call, but to use different schemes to increase the data throughput.For example, Verizon is offering Express network with a max throughput of 144Kbps and an average speed of 40-60Kbps. While this speed is perhaps double or triple previous schemes and rival tpical dial-up modem speeds , it is slow compared to wireless LAN speeds. There are even higher bandwidth services being planned by many of these same cellular providers. Infrared, laser and microwave are wireless options ranging from low-speed (infrared) to very high speed (155Mbps and beyond) lasers that also fall under the wireless data umbrella. These products are more typically use for establishing point to point links.There are some emerging products that can provide point to multipoint service at 10Mbps (and beyond) speed of relatively long distances. There ais a new wireless wide area standard being developed (IEEE802. 16) that will allow high speed point to point or point to multipoint connections. This technology is being viewed as a wireless replacemnt or enhancement for MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks) like DSL or Cable modem. † (DiLorenzo, 2003) History of Wireless Technology (Wilson) Wireless technology all began with a man by the name of Heinrich Hertz.In 1887 and 1888, he had piloted a c hain of experiments in Germany. These experiments confirmed that electromagnetic waves really did exist. James Clerk Maxwell had predicted their existence back in 1864 but nobody took the predictions seriously. At the same time, another man by the name of Oliver Lodge was also piloting some experiments in Britain. His experiments also confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves. While both of these man had all of the elements they needed for wireless telegraphy, neither of them discovered this technology.It was not until 1895 when a physics student at the University of Bologna had seen Augusto Righi’s experiments with â€Å"Hertzian waves† (Friedewald, 1999) the year before. After conducting a few experiments of his own, the student, 21-year-old Guglielmo Marconi had finally discovered wireless telegraphy. This discovery later led to his first patents. During around the same time that Marconi was making his discoveries, another man by the name of Alexander Popov w as making a few advancements on wireless technology of his own.While trying to develop a contraption that would signal when a thunderstorm was on its way, Popov inadvertently developed a radio wave receiver. With this receiver, Popov sent and received a wireless signal (Nkiruka, n. d. ) that spanned over a 600-yard area. It was due to this mishap that Popov too, gets credit for inventing the radio. In July of 1897, the Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers reviewed an exhibition of Marconi’s device (Wicks & Kemerling, 2003) and Marconi became known as the â€Å"Wizard of Wireless. Marconi went down in history as being the first person to successfully transmit and receive long-range radio signals (2003). From there Marconi went on to start up his own company, The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company. This was the first ever radio factory (LaBarre, 2010). With his company registered, Marconi was now in the position to exploit his invention in the busine ss world. The electrical communication technologies remained under control by Great Britain’s government as Friedewald, 2000) they had been since 1870 so Marconi’s company operated as a private enterprise, making it possible for The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company to establish a new branch in America in November of 1899 (2000). Using the technology of the telegraph as a foundation, the spark radio was next to come. The spark radio made it possible to send out Morse code. Knowing there was not a way for ships to communicate with people on the shore, Marconi cashed in on this market by establishing the Marconi International Marine Communication Company in 1900. Marconi capitalized on this market until 1908 (2000).In 1901, Marconi sent out the first transatlantic voice communication followed by communication from ship to shore in the year 1902 (Wicks & Kemerling, 2003). In 1904, after a few agencies decided to set up radio transmitters of their own without any coordin ation from the other agencies, President Roosevelt choose a couple of select agents from each group and formed â€Å"Roosevelt Board. † Their purpose was to make recommendations for the government’s own development on radio services. With the Navy receiving the majority of the oversight, proposals were then made to place major restrictions against commercial stations (Dubendorf, 2003).Telefunken, founded in 1903, was one of two research groups that worked in the wireless telegraphy field. Telefunken was the company that supplied the new radio station, Norddeich Radio, with their first two transmitters. Between the years of 1905 to 1908, Telefunken advanced wireless in the direction of military technology, from which the quenched spark system materialized. This actually pulverized Telefunken forward in the way of innovation. By implementing this new technology, Telefunken’s commercial success grew and so did the number of available seaside stations. The German Na vy had 90 warships all equipped with wireless radios.To advance the technology even further, the Navy decided to use the privately owned wireless company (Evans, 2010). The German government looked at Telefunken, as a trustworthy partner for achieving political goals because of the numerous close knitted ties Telefunken retained with other government officials, putting Telefunken in a position to be the main driving force in Germany’s wireless technology development. Once World War I ended, the use of radio communications grew exponentially. Seeing how useful it was during the war, people soon came to understand all of its potential, which encompassed more than just ommunication; it also included weaponry – Radio detecting and ranging or RADAR (Gugliotta, 2007). In 1935, a Scottish Engineer Robert Watson-Watt discovered he could use directional antenna to pick up lightning in the sky. He quickly learned that by transmitting radio pulses and listening to them, he was ab le to bounce the signal off a target like an aircraft. Measuring the amount of time it took the echoes to return to the antenna would tell him the bearing and the range of the target. In 1935, Watson-Watt presented this idea to the British Air Ministry and when World War II came into action, there were 19 radar stations in full operation.Thoughts are that this technology may have very well been what won The Battle of Britain (2007). Post World War II, the use of the radio had quickly spread throughout the militaries and to consumers as well. The widespread usage quickly led to the research and development of other forms of wireless communications. Around 1940, wireless technology started focusing on wireless phones but it would not be until 1980, 1990 before it became known about. During the time when developers started paying attention to these phones was also right around the time of the Cold War. Money was not readily available to be dumped into such research at that time.As such , the mobile phone was not very successful at first. After the Cold War, it was believed that the areas that required research and funding were artificial intelligence, nuclear weapons and computer graphics (Javadi, 2005). Mobile technology was just not on the list, especially since test results proved to be unsubstantiated, the FCC regulations were out of control and the risks were just too high. It would not be long before all that changed though (2005). In a matter of twenty years, cell phone usage climbed from a mere 50 thousand in the 1940’s to over 1. 4 million in 1960’s.Now corporations were starting to take notice. This was something they wanted to be a part of and the interest in the market shifted from defense to phone calls. By 1997, there was an estimated 50 million users with new users signing on daily. The research into mobile phones also brought about the exploration and development of wireless internet. This could be seen as a wonderful benefit as far a s the freedom it presented the users with but the inferences and imperfections that went along with the continual use of these devices had to be taken into consideration as well (2005).Social Factors that Drove Wireless Technology (Wilson) The number one location for research throughout all of Europe is Germany. They have a keen sense for research and development, with recognition spreading worldwide for turning out sophisticated technological products. Andrea Noske of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research says, â€Å"Research-intensive products and services contribute 45% to value creation in Germany, more than any other industrialized country† (Noske, n. d. ).It is important to note that Germany had 396 internationally relevant patents per million inhabitants, far (n. d. ) exceeding the European average of 158 in 2007 (n. d. ). Another fact I would like to point out is that the German Empire, for some 47 years, were industrial, technological and scientific geniuses , receiving more Nobel Prize awards in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States put together (n. d. ). Early 20th century Germany was molded by its society. Through social approaches, practices and high principles, the society molded its technology.It is said that many scholars will analyze a certain group or certain technologies to show the ways in which a society determines what technologies make it to the crafting table. This is based on broader social views and attitudes. They also show the ways in which technologies are created socially but on a smaller scale (Toscano, 2012). .Their point here is that a socially constructed, dialectical relationship exists between societies and technologies. In order for a social group to notice a technology, the society must somehow interact with the technology.These social forces and real-world objectives always determine the current state and direction of technological research (2012). The society responsible for driving th e construction of wireless technologies was the groups that desired advanced technology in order to be able to communicate from sea as well as places that were inaccessible for wired systems. Marconi and other supporters of wireless technology examined the images of electromagnetic science and (2012) from there decided to build this technology in a way that would meld with the larger social values for the various audiences (2012). The ideas that Marconi and others affixed to wireless exist within the context of socially maintained ideology† (Toscano, 2012). Akesson (2005) argues that to realize a technology held a lot more meaning than simply producing a working model because technological realization â€Å"goes beyond the product and depends on relations, feelings, emotions and culturally constructed beliefs about whether something is worth investing in or not† (2012). His main argument was marketing. All technologies need great marketing for recognition.Because techno logies must fit within a cultures values and attitudes, the â€Å"marketing† involved will either have to adhere or be made to seem to adhere to prevailing cultural beliefs (2012). Since a society will either accept or reject a technology the ways in which the technology fits or made to fit into (2012) their social life greatly depends on the way the audience (2012) perceives the technology. Radar makes for a larger story in science and technology. Some say that radar contributed very little to the theory that had been known all the way back to Maxwell and Hertz.Therefore, radar cannot be attributed to the advancement of science. It can only be said that radar was simply a matter of technology and engineering. Others argue the enormous concrete significances of the development of radar stating that the technology contributed to the Allied victory in World War II, surpassing the Atomic Bomb by far. According to author Robert Buderi, it was the pioneer of many modern technologi es. In his book, The Invention that Changed the World: How a small group of Radar Pioneers won the Second World War and launched a technological revolution, he discusses some of these technologies in more depth (2012).Some specific abilities mentioned are the ability of astronomers to map the delineations of faraway planets, the ability of doctors to view internal organs, and being able to measure rainfall in distant places. He also goes on to talk about the fact that traveling by air is 100 times safer than traveling by roads, telephone calls being cheaper than sending letters through the mail, and last but not least, the ability to cook ones dinner in between TV shows with, â€Å"what used to be called the a radar range, aka microwave oven,† (2012).Technology may not change the way people see the world or bring in new social conditions, but it does change a person’s practices. For example, the mobile phone introduced a new way of making phone calls. People can now pl ace a phone call from almost anywhere to almost anywhere. It seems the social groups found this technology along with suburban life styles. As such, this technology was accepted within the culture. When a particular technological product proves useful, people will attempt to work the product into their social activities.What is it that makes a technological product a technology? For the most part, anything that is computer based and â€Å"hi-tech† is considered technology by society. Technology spans a much wider context though. In all correctness, a technology is any scientific based knowledge that focuses on procedures and engineering. It is this knowledge that groups socially build into values and practices. When the group accepts the technology based on their observation of importance and application, it becomes a steadied technology created in part on the significance they identify in the actual device (2012).Whether a device is an actual hand tool such as a hammer or ke yboard, or a mental device such as a (2012) scientific method, it usually is defined as the obtainable understanding of a society diligently committed to industry and market. This of technologically advanced world’s economy depends heavily on the creation of new advancements for growth and prosperity (2012). Technological advancements include anything from engineering ideas that increase production to products produced by vastly streamlined, efficient systems.People perceive and will continue to perceive technology as some type of tool related to work or profit, and the term â€Å"modernization† will continue to suggest that a nation develops technologies that will theoretically improve its economic position (2012). Wireless Technology Timeline (Wilson) The next three pages give a basic layout of some of the most important events that occurred during the development of wireless technology. This timeline is a basic synopsis and is not to be taken as complete. These are just some of the basic highlights starting in 1897 and ending in 2010. Political Effects on Development Wilson) In the beginning of the 20th century, developments in the area of wireless technology made a huge impact on everyday life. Today these technologies are essential for modern day living. The early wireless technology that was developed in the late 19th century is the core of our televisions and radio broadcasting. Our radar and satellite communications systems also originated from this technology. Wireless laid out the roadmap for our person-to-person mobile communications and allowed for the creation of the technology of mass intake today – the cellular technology (Mingtao, 2007).Most of the wireless manufacturers in Germany and across Europe at this time were selling their equipment to the national navies and they could only install their equipment on huge military and trading ships reason being, aerials had to sit up high in order to detect the wireless signals wit h reasonable sensitivity. The only ships that were able to accommodate such equipment were shockingly huge (2007). One of the oldest tricks in the book is to send out secret messages hidden by a method called â€Å"steganography†, a Greek word meaning â€Å"concealed writing†.With such a long history, Steganography led to the invention of invisible ink and â€Å"microdots. † Steganography alone is not very secure. The messages were easily deciphered. It was soon discovered that by manipulating the letters in the message, the message could remain hidden even if the message was found. This resulted in cryptography, a Greek word meaning â€Å"hidden writing† (Goebel, 2012). According to Goebel, â€Å"cryptography takes two forms; â€Å"codes† and â€Å"ciphers. † A â€Å"code† is a secret language intended to conceal a message (2012). A â€Å"cipher† conceals a plain text message by replacing or scrambling the letters (2012). Enc ryption† covers both encoding and enciphering, while â€Å"decryption† covers both decoding and deciphering. Together, the two fields make up the science of ‘cryptology’ † (2012). To this day, coding and ciphering are heavily used. During World War I and II, codermakers and codebreakers flourished, especially since each side kept designing even more complex ciphers than their adversaries kept. These were deemed so important through the course of the war, that by the end, cryptologic organizations turned into huge establishments that were increasingly involved in military practice and operations (2012).This cryptography had serious effects on German politics during the war, as it was almost unavoidable to intercept messages meant for the other side. When messages were broadcasted over the airwaves, whoever was listening could easily pick them up (2012). This left the German military susceptible to sabotage. World War II would lead to an explosion of ev en more, new technologies that would have weighty effects in the postwar period (2012). Legal Issues Related to Wireless Technology (Wilson) Almost from the very beginning of wireless technology, there has been a need for regulation.Since broadcasting signals are transmitted through the air with no repute for political boundaries, regulation usually occurs at the federal level. The first regulatory actions took place in 1910 with the U. S. Wireless Act in which all American ships were to be equipped with broadcasting transmitters and qualified operators any time they were at sea. Other countries quickly followed this practice. To be considered are three different types of regulations: Spectrum Regulation, Industrial and security regulation, and Radio frequency safety regulation.The Spectrum Regulation issues – In order to competently share the determinate (Egea-Lopez, 2004) available frequency spectrum (2004) while avoiding interference between them (2004), it is necessary to regulate the transmissions coming from the equipment. There are organizations in place that perform the regulations. They are FCC (Federal Communications Commission) in the United States, the ITU (International Telecommunications Union), the Japan Association of Radio Industries and Business, and the ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). These specific recommendations and rules apply where ) the range of a particular technology is limited by the amount of power b) electromagnetic fields (EMF) and noise emissions are at their peak c) frequency bands. Licensed and unlicensed bands exist in existence are distinguished by regulatory bodies such as ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical) which is used the same in most countries. Because no technology is in control of these bands a variety of devices are able to share the same range of frequencies (2004). IEEE 802. 11 and the Bluetooth device both operate at this band mainly because it is free.By law, the maximum power emission is limited (2004). Industrial and security regulation issues – Industrial areas almost always have certain restrictions placed on them and wireless is not an exception to this rule. Depending on the possible accidental risk that could occur, explosive atmospheres along with environmentally dangerous areas may be classified as hazardous areas. In this case, only fundamentally safe equipment are permitted (2004). Europe has a directive called the Atmosphere Explosive directive (ATEX) that states all wireless devices have to be certified by the CEN/CENELEC (2004).Radio frequency safety regulation issues – This regulation pertains to the health and safety of humans, therefore the electromagnetic emissions have to limited and specific technologies are expected to obey these regulations (2004). Legal Concerns Related to the Development of Wireless Technology (Wilson) After Marconi made his discoveries, he moved to Britain to obtain financial funding for his project. With Britain’s need for quick and effective deployment of naval ships and commercial fleets, this was a perfect choice for Marconi.He developed his invention and marketed it for military and industrial (OECD, n. d. ) needs. After only five years, a wireless signal was transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean from England to Newfoundland (n. d. ). This event won Marconi the Nobel Prize (n. d. ) in 1909 for physics. It also started a new revolution of laws and regulations. Germany sponsored a â€Å"preliminary conference concerning wireless telegraphy† (White, 2003) at Berlin in 1903 to discuss some outstanding issues in regards to the development of the wireless technology.Though the conference proved to be a success a few areas, the topic of intercommunication procedures between different stations and their stations, remained unresolved. A document titled â€Å"Final Protocol, First International Radio Telegraphic Conference, Berlin, 1903† (2003) laid out detailed information for other countries to review until the conference convened. When the conference convened in Berlin in 1906, it was agreed coastal and ship stations were to interchange messages with each other regardless of whether the equipment was Marconi’s or a competitive supplier.Because some countries already entered into a contract agreement with Marconi, signing the new policy would be a violation (2003). In April of 1912, a ship equipped with Marconi equipment and staffed by Marconi operators, crashed into an iceberg off the coast of Newfoundland. Distress calls were made from the ship however as the call came in, amateur broadcasters heard about it and filled the airwaves up and down the coast, creating so much static and interference that the distress call went unheard. 1. 02 people lost their lives that night. In 1912, London held an International Convention as well. Both the Berlin and the London Conventions covered international communication but for the mostly the y added to the international protocols of wire-telegraphy connections. Regulations regarding radio and news stations were not addressed at this time but would be covered in depth after the tragic Titanic incident. With the prohibition of privately owned stations, many radio pioneers found themselves without jobs.In 1920, commercial and government radiotelegraphic stations were everywhere as the world experienced a major outbreak. Radiotelegraphy became the new thing for all commercial and passenger ships. In 1930, the wireless telegraphy using radio signals was developed. This quickly became the ultimate device in communications for distant countries and lasted many years due to its reliability (2003). Economics in Relation to Wireless Technology (Tiemens) There is a lot of debate about how much governments should be involved when it comes to the economy.Should a government raise taxes in an attempt to increase income and build a strong infrastructure or should the government limit its role and depend more on a free market and competition. Many economists could debate this question indefinitely and no matter the outcome, a government’s involvement may be necessary when the country has a resource so finite that only a handful of companies can have access to it and so valuable that it can change the entire GDP of a country, such a resource exists in waveforms.There are only certain amounts of usable waveforms that can be used, so it needs to be divided up so not to overlap each other. We would not want radio signals being broadcast on the same frequencies as aircraft use, since this could be catastrophic interference. For this reason, governments allot specific bands of frequencies to certain industries and with the increasing value of wireless technology; this has become a great resource to a country. Many countries have turned to a form of auction to sell rights to this valuable resource.These auctions provide companies the ability to offer a product to their customers, as well as bring in additional funds to the government. In an effort to broaden their wireless networks and look to the future with 4G, Germany recently went through such an auction. In 2008, Germany finished its analog to digital transition, which frees up a substantial amount of bandwidth. Having enough bandwidth to allocate, the German government put 358. 8 MHz of spectrum space up for auction, which concluded in May 2010. The 358. MHz that Germany auctioned off consisted of four bands: 800 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz and 2. 5 GHz (Tolaga Research. 2010). Having four separate bandwidths for sale boosted competition since there were multiple bidders, which should then set up Germany to enhance their technology, as well as build a strong and growing economic future. One of the main functions of government is to build and maintain a strong infrastructure, which is usually thought of as freeways and bridges, but in the modern techno world, a strong broadband and wireles s infrastructure is just as important.To improve their current infrastructure, Germany set a few conditions within the spectrum auction. The winning bidders are required to focus on improving coverage in â€Å"rural markets before they are permitted to service urban areas† (Tolaga Research. 2010). Companies are forced to provide service to outlying areas with the smallest population first, then eventually getting to the cities where the companies can start providing 4G networks. These auctions not only will provide a vast wireless infrastructure for Germany, but also provided proceeds of 4. 85 billion euro ($5. 882 billion USD) (Tolaga Research. 2010). One of the top bidders in this German auction was Deutsche Telekom, which is the parent company to T-Mobile. This German company is known worldwide which says a lot about the importance of wireless in Germany. Deutsche Telekom has 130 million mobile customers, 17 million broadband customers and around 4. 6 million internet tele vision customers in 50 countries around the world. Because of their success, this company employs over 233,000 people, has revenue of 58. 7 billion euros ($78. billion USD) and is ranked in the top 100 companies worldwide. Just in Germany, Deutsche Telekom has 35 million mobile customers and revenue of 24 billion euro ($32. 1 billion USD) and is building a strong business class offering an expanding Cloud service and network security. Deutsche Telekom is one of the biggest wireless providers in the world and with a free cash flow of 6. 4 billion euros ($8. 56 billion USD) they were one of the top bidders during the auction and will now be paving the way for a strong wireless system in Germany (Deutsche Telekom. . d. ). Building a strong wireless network can really help boost a nation’s economy, both immediately and in the future. There is evidence to support that wireless technology provides immediate jobs, boosts production as well as saving money on government expenses, suc h as healthcare. Germany has the 5th economy in the world and the largest in Europe but since they don’t have many natural resources they need to find other means of prosperity and with a strong wireless network this economy can flourish.Decreasing demand for German exports, a financial crisis in Europe and high unemployment has placed a financial burden on the country (Central Intelligence Agency. 2012). The German government has taken steps to try to boost the economy and strengthening the wireless network is one-step closer. The tagline from the movie Field of Dreams: â€Å"if you build it,† they â€Å"will come† could also be the tagline for the German marketplace (Frankish, B. & Robinson, P. 1989). Building a network that will allow businesses to be creative and invest will attract companies to an already business friendly location.According to Ernst & Young’s European Attractiveness Survey 2012: Germany is one of the most attractive business locatio ns in the world, while an American Chamber of Commerce study found that 73% of American companies named Germany their first choice to do business with and invest in (Germany Trade and Invest. 2012). So many companies prefer to do business in Germany due to the countries welcoming attitude toward foreign investments. The German government makes no distinctions between domestic and foreign companies and with very little regulations, it is ideal for business start-up.To entice companies and individuals from around the world to invest within Germany, the government provides incentives, such as grants for start-up capital as well as grants to help with wages as companies start hiring employees. There are over 55,000 foreign companies in Germany, employing around 3,000,000 people. The majority of investments in Germany are in ICT (information and communications technology) and software making up 18% of the GDP, so to improve the wireless sector will provide even more opportunity and growt h (Germany Trade and Invest. 2012).With such a great business environment, one field that can really succeed with a good wireless system is software development. The creation of mobile apps has become one of the most lucrative businesses and the more people that have access to wireless the more this business will grow. To date there has been 18 billion Apple apps downloaded followed by 10 billion downloads for Android. The downloads for Apple and Android apps produce $1 billion a month worldwide so there is a lot of potential for software companies, especially in a country that makes it easy for companies to do business in.There is no direct data for Germany, but in 2011, the United States had over 5000 job posting for app developers so with Germany pushing the wireless market there is a lot of potential for jobs to be created (Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisors. 2012). Mobile apps are in such high demand that just two months after HBO released its mobile app, 3 million consumers downloaded it, which makes up more than 10% of HBO’s subscriber base (Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisors. 2012).More companies are also turning to streaming, especially since the number of people that view video content with their mobile devices has doubled in two years and this will increase even more when more people have access to 4G or LTE. According to Dr. Thomas Schierl of Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications in Berlin, Germany: â€Å"Today’s mobile internet is faster than the typical DSL connection people have in their homes, which means a lot of users will choose to go online vie LTE even when at home† (Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 2013). Dr.Schierl is in charge of combining the video compression standard currently used with the LTE standard (similar to 4G) which will allow for the best possible streaming of content. Germany is actively trying to make wireless technology better a nd with a better streaming format, there will more opportunities for companies to add streaming content. Many U. S. companies have been extremely successful with streaming formats such as Funny or Die blip. tv, along with many sports venues offering pay per view on mobile devices. A fast network is not only attractive to consumers but allows more opportunities for company start-ups.There is obviously a lot of potential for jobs to be created for software developers that make entertainment apps however there are other apps developed that boosts production. With the use of mobile devices, employees are able to have video conferencing from any location, which can save time and money. There are also numerous apps that are more focused on certain industries, such as transportation logistics, inventory and sales data just to name a few. These applications allow employees to perform work functions from anywhere, which can make someone much more productive.It is estimated that by the year 2 016 there will be 830 million users of business-employee and business-consumer apps so this is definitely a growing trend that creates jobs for people developing the apps as well as increasing production for employees in other fields (Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisors. 2012). Besides the mobile apps boosting productions from employees, the wireless devices can also increase production by allowing employee’s work locations to be more flexible which they can then access information and resources while being on the go.The Intel Corporation performed a study on mobile productions and found that with better mobile devices, employees were able to finish their tasks 37. 3% faster. According to this study, there was a 5% weekly timesaving, which equals 100 hours saved per employee during the course of a year. The employees in the study also commented that they had a better outlook on production; therefore, it made them even more productive while increasin g their morale (Intel Information Technology. 2003).This study involved just the mobility aspects since the employees were using laptops, but given other mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets, then the use of applications could even increase production more. Mobile apps have become an asset to many businesses and as mobile devices and wireless areas continue to grow, new business related apps would also grow boosting production at the same time. When it comes to mobile devices, applications are not the only benefit to businesses because in addition to increasing production they can also save companies money.A growing trend for small businesses is the utilization of cloud-based storage offered by Apple and a few other companies. On-line storage is used publicly to save pictures and music, but businesses have found this to be very beneficial since this type of storage does not require any additional fees. Information can be backed-up from anywhere and the company does not have to buy expensive on-site back-up systems (Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisors. 2012). In addition to on-line storage, the mobile devices themselves save a company money, since they are a low cost way of accessing web-based services.When widespread wireless is available, mobile devices can perform many of the functions of a more expensive computer so they have become a cheaper alternative. According to an AT&T survey of small business: 1/3 use a cloud based storage while ? use business based apps (AT&T. 2011). When there is a good wireless infrastructure, mobile devices can improve a countries economy because they can create jobs, boost employee production and save companies money but it can also help with one of the country’s biggest cost: healthcare.As with most countries, healthcare is one of the biggest expenses for Germany. According to the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), Germany’s healthcare expenses make up 11. 6% of the entire GDP which makes it one of the biggest single expenses. Germany has the fourth health expenditure in the world (United States has the highest) so any savings within the healthcare industry can help the economy of the entire country (OECD. 2012).Wireless technology has the ability to drastically reduce cost for healthcare by making it more efficient. With Germany working on providing wireless capabilities in rural areas, doctors will be able to interact with elderly patients in the outlying areas, which can help with preventive care while also freeing up, more time for doctors so they can see more patients. The whole system also has the ability of becoming more efficient by allowing doctors to instantly retrieve health records, diagnostic information, lab results and even medical images.With the right apps, these records can be retrieved from any location at a moment’s notice, which saves time and money. One such company that has software that can help t he medical field is Airstrip’s Technologies. Airstrip’s Technologies offers mobile apps that send real-time waveform data directly from the hospital monitoring equipment to mobile devices. Using this app allows physicians that are waiting to perform childbirth to monitor fetal heartbeats, maternal contractions as well as other vital signs so they can monitor the situation from any location.Another very useful app is Mobile MIM, which allows doctors to have access to diagnostic images, such as MRIs, X-rays and ultrasounds that will allow fast and accurate diagnosis from any location as well as consult with peers for difficult cases. There are other apps available that can monitor blood pressure, glucose levels, bone density and even an app to record the time and place an inhaler was used which can be used to help prevent asthma attacks (Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisors. 2012).Just the remote monitoring of routine patients can save a lot of money, but one of the biggest overall costs with healthcare is patients with chronic conditions. One way to battle, the cost of chronic disorders is to identify the problems as early as possible therefore keeping the patients out of hospital beds. Corventis Inc. is a company that can help with these high costs. They have developed an app that monitors a patient’s heart rate, respiratory rate and other vital signs and also detects and transmits directly to the physician any irregularities.This will help catch any problems as early as possible (Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisors. 2012). Healthcare is a huge expense to a country and it is continually rising, but with the help of wireless technology these costs can be reduced which can actually help the entire economy of a country. The United States does spend more on healthcare than Germany, but according to the White House the U. S. is expected to reduce healthcare cost by $2-$6 billion, by the year 2014 with the help of wireless technologies available (Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisors. 012). Psychological considerations and sociological effects Personal Communication (Wells) When it comes time to speak to someone, the first device reached for is the cell phone. It is not to necessarily call, but text someone what they need or feel. Communication has changed the world in how we speak to one another. A family can now speak continents apart from each other via email, instant messaging, Skype, Facebook or Twitter. However, misunderstandings tend to occur due to lack of interpretation of body language, tone and facial expressions.Over 66% of marriages in the US end in divorce due to Facebook (Mills, 2011). Apologies are now text instead of heard. Have we become blinded by the method in which we communicate to the point of feeling this is normal? In today’s age of wireless technology, communication has affected us in a unique methodology renderin g us vulnerable emotionally numb, socially inept and psychologically indifferent without our awareness of this gradual change (Silverman & Blackwell, n. d. ). Texting has invaded the world by storm.A software engineer by Neil Papworth, to Vodafone director Richard Jarvis, who received the message on his Orbitel 901 cell phone, sent the first text message from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 (Turrettini, 2012). Since then, there have been an explosion of text messages from 14 billion in 2000 to 188 billion in 2010, according to a Pew Institute survey (Kluger, 2012). That number has not decreased. CNN’s article series of â€Å"We Never Talk Anymore† has revealed how much we truly do not talk to one another. Today six billion short messages service (SMS) are sent every day in the United States and over 2. trillion are sent a year, according to Forrester Research (Haraldsson, 2012). Globally, 8. 6 trillion text messages are sent each year, according to Portio Research (Kluger, 2012). The in-person communication has been lost in the midst of our new technological age (2012). The greatest fear is for the adolescent generation that sees this as a norm. As interpersonal skills are still in development, we find that texting does not aid in this development. Using text messaging halts some of the key important areas of interpersonal skills.Sherry Turkle, a Developmental Psychologist, believes that conversations with another person teach kids to, in effect, have a conversation with themselves (2012). This enhances the skills to think reason and self-reflect. In the United States, 75% of teenagers text, sending an average of 60 texts a day (2012). According to Pew Internet research, texting is teens' most common form of (Kelly, 2012) communication, beating out phone conversations, social networks and face-to-face conversations (Silverman ; Blackwell, n. d. ). It would even appear that texting has its own new language.Language has changed from verbally l aughing to â€Å"LOL† for â€Å"laughing out loud,† â€Å"OMG† for â€Å"oh my God/goodness/gosh,† depending on the language choice, and â€Å"TTYL† for â€Å"talk to you later. † TV shows are encouraging this method of language by vocalizing them. For example, â€Å"OMG† or â€Å"I-am-so-bored dot com. † As depicted from The Braxton’s Reality Show. This new-age form of communicating has lost the effect of apologies. Apology text now replaces the visual sincerity and eye gazing messages of â€Å"What I did was wrong and I am sorry. † A visual cue is missing when an apology is texted rather than said in person.These factors are creating a state of new adults that are interpersonal illiterate will not aid their relationship building skills (n. d. ). Emotional Disconnect (Wells) Facebook is a great way of staying connected, but it can also feel like an emotional battleground. Facebook has changed communication on a g lobal scale. From one side of the world to another there are phone applications that translate different languages and people can communicate across the globe. Emotional disconnections have allowed for cyber bullying and divorces due to a disregard for others feelings.It is easy to do when looking at a computer screen or cell phone rather than a human being. An overwhelming 95% of social media-using teens who have witnessed cruel behavior on social networking sites say they have seen others ignoring the mean behavior (Lenhart, 2007). At least 33% teens have been cyber bullied according to Pew Internet and American Life Survey, 2011. This new form of humiliation has created new advertisements to stop cyber bullying. This type of bullying has caused many parents to send their children to online schools to avoid the bullying mentality (Allweiss, 2013). Has internet roman take over as our new form of dating?More people are going to online match dating sites looking for a mate. An estima ted 40 million Americans have tried online dating and dating sites will collectively gross $2 billion in 2012 (Barber ; Bigham, 2012). Would this form of dating be similar to shopping online? There is a larger pool of choices; it offers an alternative to relying on family and friends as matchmakers. People are able to seek relationships with older age people and the increase in broadband access to the Internet has expanded the potential market. You can almost place 100 eligible bachelors or bachelorettes in your shopping cart and hope for the best.It is estimated that 1 in 5 marriages are a result of online dating. However, there is a difference between meeting many people and finding a compatible partner. Romance is difficult to come by if the interpersonal skills were not well developed during adolescence and even worse as they grow into adults. Online dating has its positives and negatives, but many have found that getting to know the person mentally has been a better experience for them. It is not limited to any particular type of group or fad; many singles have taken to utilizing the online dating as a better method of communication (Hoggard ; Hephzibah, 2012).This is also an attractive offer for predators as well. It was estimated in 2005 that 25% of rapists use online dating sites to find their victims (Barber ; Bingham, 2012). The popularity of online dating services has only grown since then. With the prevalence of rapes and sexual assault going unreported and the low conviction rate for those accused (1. 2%) (2012). Wireless technology forces us to fake our personalities because of the perception of how we are perceived. This transition of putting thoughts on the web has begun to affect the perceptions of who we are.Employers now review potential new employees Facebook page to get a